Professional Documents
Culture Documents
N. Srikanth
EC-232
2nd Year-II SEM
Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Vectors: Quantity which has Both Magnitude and
Direction
r r x2 y2 z 2
r
Unit vector in the direction of ‘r’ is a r
r
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Addition of two vectors
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Dot Product/ Scalar product
Resultant vector will be in a direction
normal to both A and B A B B A
ax a y az a y a x a z ax ax 0
ay az ax a z a y a x ay ay 0
az ax ay a x a z a y az az 0
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Rectangular/ Cartesian
Coordinate System (x, y, z)
x ,
y ,
z ,
Introduction to
Coordinate system
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Cylindrical Coordinate System
Introduction to
Coordinate system
0,
0,2
z ,
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Conversions:
x cos
x2 y2
y sin
y
tan
1
zz x
Introduction to
Coordinate system zz
A A a A a Az a z
A A.a & A A.a
a cos a x sin a y
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Conversions:
a cos sin 0 a x
a sin cos
0 a y
Introduction to a 0 0 1 a z
Coordinate system z
a x cos sin 0 a
a sin cos
0 a
y
a z 0 0 1 a z
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Spherical Coordinate System
r 0,
0,
0,2
Introduction to
Coordinate system
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Conversions:
r sin
Introduction to
z r cos
Coordinate system
x r sin cos
y r sin sin r x2 y2 z 2
r 2 z2
z r cos x2 y2
tan
1
tan
1 z
z
1 y
tan
x
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Conversions:
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Questions:
Introduction to
Coordinate system
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Questions:
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u v w h1 h2 h3
Cartesian x y z 1 1 1
Cylindrical ρ ϕ z 1 ρ 1
Spherical r Ɵ ϕ 1 r r sinƟ
dl h1du a u h2 dv a v h3 dwa w
dS h1h2 dudv a w h2 h3 dvdwa u h3 h1dwdu a u
dV h1h2 h3 dudvdw
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Various Vector Operators
1 1 1
DEL: au av aw
h1 u h2 v h3 w
Gradient:
Grad V V
1 V 1 V 1 V
V au av aw
h1 u h2 v h3 w
Significance – to find maximum rate of change of
quantity w. r. to direction
Magnitude - rate of change of scalar quantity
Direction – Which direction rate of change is maximum.
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Various Vector Operators
Divergence
Div A . A
1
. A h h A h h A h h A
h1h2 h3 u
2 3 u 3 1 v 1 2
v
Significance – to measure the total field flowing into (or) out of a point
- flux of the field
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Various Vector Operators
Curl
Curl -Always a vector quantity A
h1au h2 a h3 a
1
A
h1h2 h3 u
h1 Au h2 A h3 A
Significance – radiation of the field around the point
Magnitude – circulation of vector A at any point
Direction - always perpendicular to vector A
A
= zero ---- Conservative, curl free, ir-rotational E 0
= Non zero ---- VORTEX eg:
H J
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Various Vector Operators
Laplacian of a Scalar:
1 h2 h3 V h3 h1 V h1 h2 V
h12 h2 h3 u h1 u h2 h3
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THANK
YOU
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