Modulations

• MSK
• GMSK
• OFDM

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 Modulations

• MSK
• GMSK
• OFDM

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• This phase transition causes problem for band-
limited and power efficient transmission.
• Abrupt changes in phase of a modulated signal
cause relatively prominent side-lobe levels in
spectrum as compared to main lobe.
• If side-lobe level becomes high, it can create
co-channel or inter-channel interference.

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 MSK

• Special type of continuous Phase-FSK.

• Modulation Index is 0.5.
• Constant envelope. KFSK = (2 Δ F) / Rb
• Good spectral efficiency
• Good BER performance
• Self synchronizing capability
• Switching between 2 different frequencies is
very fast – frequency deviation is less- fast FSK

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 Gaussian MSK (GMSK)

• GMSK is a simple binary modulation scheme.

• Derivative of MSk.
• The side lobe levels of the spectrum are further
reduced by passing the modulating NRZ data
waveform through a Gaussian pulse shaping filter.

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 OFDM

B
f0 
B N
 fi   i f 0   i
N
Transmission BW  (N  1) f
1 B
where f  
Ts N
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 GSM

 GMSK modulation is used

 GSM uses a combination of FDMA and TDMA.

 Two frequency bands (each 25 MHz) are reserved for GSM. They are
45 MHz apart from each other.

 Uplink- 890-915 MHz

 Downlink- 935-960 MHz

 Each band consists of 124 single carrier channels of 200 kHz.

 In each uplink or downlink bands there exists a guard band of

200 k Hz

 Each of 200 kHz channel carries 8 TDMA channels

(8 time slots/TDMA frame)
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Frame structure in GSM

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Channels in GSM

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