Hazard at

Workplace
 Outline
• Workplace Hazards
• Workplace Accidents
Workplace Hazards
 Hazards
Identification

Risk
Assessment

Risk Control
Measures
Managing OSH

LOSS
Reducing
Preventing /
Hazards at Workplace
 Definition - HAZARDS
• source, situation, or act with a potential
for harm in terms of human injury or ill
health, or a combination of these
(OHSAS 18001:2007)
 Definition - HAZARDS
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
HAZARDS
• Gas/vapour
• mechanical
• dust/mist/fumes
• electrical
• ergonomic
• noise/vibration
• height
HAZARDS • heat
• pressure
• etc.

BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOSOCIAL
HAZARDS HAZARDS
• bacteria/virus/spore
• vegetable dust
• sexual harassment
• peer pressure
• neighbour/family
• drug abuse
• etc.
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS

• Gas/vapour
• dust/mist/fumes
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS

 1997: OSH (Classification, Packaging

and Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals)
Regulations or CPL was gazetted
 Classification based on EU Directives
 Labelling based on MS standard
 CSDS based on ILO Recommendation 177
 2000: OSH (Use & Standards of Exposure of
Chemicals Hazardous to Health) or
USECHH was gazetted
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Occupational Safety and Health
(Classification, Labeling And Safety Data
Sheet of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations
2013 Training
 Hazard Classification:
Physical Hazard
HAZARD CLASS HAZARD CATEGORY
1. Explosives Unstable Div 1.1 Div 1.2 Div 1.3 Div 1.4 Div 1.5 Div 1.6
explosiv
e
2. Flammable gases Cat 1 Cat 2
3. Flammable aerosols Cat 1 Cat 2
4. Flammable liquids Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4*
5. Flammable solids Cat 1 Cat 2
6. Oxidizing gases Cat 1
7. Oxidizing liquids Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3
8. Oxidizing solids Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3
9. Gases under pressure Compressed Liquefied Refrigerated
gas gas
Dissolve
gas d gas
10. Self-reactive chemicals Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E Type F Type G
11. Pyrophoric liquids Cat 1
12. Pyrophoric solids Cat 1
13. Self-heating chemicals Cat 1 Cat 2
Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3
14. Chemicals which, in contact with water, emit
flammable gases
15. Organic peroxides Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E Type F Type G
16. Corrosive to metals Cat 1

*not included in CLASS 13

 Hazard Classification:
Health Hazard
HAZARD HAZARD
CLASS
1. Acute toxicity (oral) Cat 1 CATEGORY
Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5*

2. Acute toxicity (dermal) Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5*

3. Acute toxicity (inhalation) Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5*

4. Skin corrosion/irritation Cat 1A/1B/1C (1) Cat 2 Cat 3*

5. Serious eye damage/eye irritation Cat 1 Cat 2

6. Respiratory sensitisation Cat 1

7. Skin sensitisation Cat 1

8. Germ cell mutagenicity Cat 1A/1B (1) Cat 2

9. Carcinogenicity Cat 1A/1B (1) Cat 2

10. Reproductive toxicity Cat 1A/1B (1) Cat 2 Effect on or via lactation

11. Specific target organ toxicity – single exposure Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3

12. Specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure Cat 1 Cat 2

1 Aspiration hazard Cat 1 Cat 2*

3.

*not included in CLASS

Regulations 14
 Hazard Classification:
Environmental Hazard

HAZARD CLASS HAZARD CATEGORY

1. Hazardous to aquatic environment – acute hazard Cat 1 Cat 2* Cat 3*

2. Hazardous to aquatic environment – chronic hazard Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4

3. Hazardous to the ozone layer Cat 1

*not included in CLASS

Regulations

15
 Hazard Chemical
What is a “hazardous chemical”?

A hazardous chemical is any

chemical that can do harm to
your body.
Most industrial chemicals can
harm you at some level.
It depends how much gets
into your body.
 Hazard Communication
How do hazardous chemicals
affect the body?
The effect a certain chemical has on the
body depends on several factors:

• The physical form of the chemical

• How the chemical enters the body

• The amount of chemical that actually

enters the body - the dose

• How toxic (poisonous) the chemical is

 Types of Chemicals
Solids - Dusts

• Dust or powder can be released

into the air by cutting, drilling,
grinding or sanding and inhaled.

• Dust can also be stirred up by

dry sweeping and inhaled.

6
 Types of Chemicals
Solids – Fumes and Fibers

• Fumes are extremely small

droplets of metal formed when the
metal has been vaporized by high
temperatures (usually welding)

• Some compounds are fibers which

can be similar to dusts but they
have an elongated shape (like
asbestos or fiberglass)

7
 Types of Chemicals
Solids - Dust

• Dust in the air can settle out

on work surfaces, cups, plates,
utensils, and food.

• The settled dust can be

swallowed with food or drinks.

8
 Types of Chemicals
Liquids

• Liquids can come into direct

contact with the skin and be
absorbed into the body.

• Liquids can be sprayed and

form mists or evaporate and
form vapors which can be
inhaled.

9
 Types of Chemicals
Liquids (Mists)

• Mists can also be inhaled.

• Mists can settle on the skin and

be absorbed.

• Airborne mists can also settle

out and contaminate food or
drink.

10
 Types of Chemicals
Gases and Vapors

• Gases are chemicals that are in the gas

phase at room temperature.

• Vapors evaporate from substances that

are liquids or solids at room
temperature.

• Gases and vapors enter the body by

inhalation.

11
 How Chemicals Enter the
Body
There Are Three Routes of Entry:

• Ingestion – swallowing the chemical

• Inhalation – breathing in the chemical

• Absorption – the chemical soaks

through the skin
 How Chemicals Enter the
Body
Ingestion (Swallowing)

• Chemicals that are swallowed are

absorbed in the digestive tract.

• Chemicals can rub off dirty hands

and contaminate food, drinks or
tobacco products.

• Chemicals in the air can settle on

food or drink and be swallowed.
 How Chemicals Enter the
Body
Inhalation (Breathing)

Airborne chemicals are breathed in

through the mouth or nose.

• The size of particles or droplets can

affect where the chemical settles in the
respiratory tract.

• Where the chemical settles in the

respiratory tract determines what
symptoms or diseases will develop.
 How Chemicals Enter the
Body
Skin Absorption

• Some chemicals can pass

through the skin and be
taken into the body’s
systems.

• Solvents and pesticides are

examples of compounds that
can be absorbed through the
skin.
 Chemical Toxicity
Toxicity: how poisonous are chemicals?
Dose - The effects of any toxic
chemical depends on the amount
of a chemical that actually enters
the body.

Acute Toxicity - the measure of

how toxic a chemical is in a single
dose over a short period of time.

Chronic Toxicity – the

measure of the toxicity of
exposure to a chemical over a
long period of time.
 Chemical Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity and Acute Toxicity
Some chemicals will only make you
sick if you get an ‘acute” or high dose
all at once. Example - ammonia

Some chemicals are mainly known for

their chronic or long-term effects.
Example - asbestos

Most chemicals have both acute and

chronic effects. Example – carbon
monoxide
 Chemical Toxicity
Chemical Exposure Limits
Many chemicals have exposure
limits, or allowable amounts of a
chemical in the air.
These limits are often called “PELs”
or “TLVs”.
They are based on 8-hour average
exposure or ceiling or peak levels.
Levels must be kept below these
limits for safety.
 Toxic Chemicals
Carcinogens

Carcinogens are cancer-

causing compounds.

Some chemicals are known

human carcinogens, others
are only suspected as
carcinogens.
 Toxic Chemicals
Carcinogens

Part of carcinogen under USECHH regulations on

the following carcinogens:

• Vinyl Chloride
• Acrylonitrile
• 1,2,-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)
• Inorganic Arsenic
• Ethylene Oxide
• Cadmium
• Butadiene
• Methylene Chloride
• Benzene
 Toxic Chemicals
Other Groups of Toxic Chemicals
Teratogens
• Teratogens are compounds that can
harm the developing fetus, causing
birth defects or death.

Mutagens
• Mutagens cause genetic mutations or
changes. These mutations can cause
birth defects or other problems in
following generations or may lead to
cancer in the exposed person.
 Toxic Chemicals
Other Groups of Toxic Chemicals
Sensitizers

• Sensitizers can “switch on” a

reaction in an individual worker.

• The reaction to a sensitizer depends

upon the individual worker.

• Once a worker becomes sensitized

to a compound, smaller and smaller
exposures can cause a reaction, and
the reactions can become more
severe.
 Corrosive Chemicals
Corrosive Chemicals

• Acids and bases are common

corrosive chemicals.

• Corrosive chemicals are capable of

damaging skin, eyes and the
respiratory system.
 Corrosive Chemicals
Corrosive Chemicals - Skin

• Corrosives can cause visible skin

burns or damage.

• The extent of skin damage depends

on how long the corrosive is on the
skin and how concentrated the
corrosive is.
 Corrosive Chemicals
Corrosive Chemicals – Inhalation and Eyes

• Inhalation of corrosive mists or

vapors can cause severe bronchial
irritation.

• Corrosives are especially

damaging to the eyes.
 Corrosive Chemicals
Examples of Corrosive Chemicals

• Sulfuric Acid

• Ammonia

• Chromic acid

• Phenol

• Acetic Acid
Batteries contain sulfuric acid
• Chlorine
Confined Spaces
 Identifying the space
What is a confined space?
A confined space is an enclosed
space that:

is large enough to get whole

body inside,

is not designed for human

occupation,

has limited or restricted

entrance or exit.
It must have all three characteristics to be a confined space.
 Identifying Confined Spaces
Examples of confined spaces

Manholes
& Sewers
Tanks

Boilers Grain storage bins

Other examples include vaults, pipelines, tank cars, and ship holds
 Hazards of Confined Spaces
Basic Principles
Confined spaces can be deadly.
Some confined spaces are more hazardous
than others.
Confined space conditions can change rapidly
from no hazards to life-threatening hazards.
Some confined spaces are so hazardous, a
written permit system is required for entry.

The hazards of confined spaces can often be

controlled or eliminated before entering.
 Hazards of Confined Spaces
What are the main hazards of confined spaces?

• Hazardous atmospheres

• Engulfing materials

• Entrapment

• Moving parts

• Electricity
 Hazard of Confined Spaces
When is a confined space so dangerous a
written entry permit system is required?
• When there is an actual or potential
“hazardous atmosphere” or

• when the space contains loose

material that can engulf a person, or

• when the space is configured in a way

that can trap a person, or

• when there is any other recognized

serious safety and health hazard.
 Hazard Identification
A “hazardous atmosphere” in a confined space has
one or more of the following:
Flammable gas, mist or vapor
Flammable dusts
Oxygen content below 19.5% or above 23.5%
Air contaminant concentrations that would
cause death, incapacitation, or permanent
health problems

You must do air monitoring

to determine if a hazardous
atmosphere exists.
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

• Ergonomic
 Definition of ergonomics

• Ergonomics means
“fitting the job to the worker”

“Ergonomics is the science and practice of designing

jobs and workplaces to match the capabilities and
limitations of the human body.”
 Benefits of ergonomics
• Ergonomics helps to prevent injuries
• Ergonomics has other benefits
– Improved quality of work
– Improved quality of life
– Reduced fatigue and discomfort
Injuries and risk
factors
 What are Work-related Musculo
Skeletal Disorders (WMSDs)?
• Also known as:
– Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
– Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs)
– Overuse injuries
• Soft tissue injuries
• Usually develop gradually, but sometimes can
appear suddenly
• Can be serious, if not taken care of early
 What are Work-related Musculo
Skeletal Disorders (WMSDs)?
• Also known as:
– Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
– Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs)
– Overuse injuries
• Soft tissue injuries
• Usually develop gradually, but sometimes can
appear suddenly
• Can be serious, if not taken care of early
 What are some of the
symptoms of WMSDs?
• Discomfort • Burning
• Pain • Swelling
• Numbness • Change in color
• Tingling • Tightness, loss of
flexibility
 What causes WMSDs?

Risk Factors
– Awkward Postures
– High Hand Force
– Repetitive Motions
– Repeated Impacts
– Heavy, Frequent, or Awkward Lifting
– Moderate to High Hand-Arm Vibration
 Risk Factors

Risk of injury depends upon:

– Duration (how long)
– Frequency (how often)
– Intensity (how much)
– Combinations of risk factors
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

• mechanical
Where Mechanical Hazards Occur
• Point of operation - performing
cutting, shaping, boring, or forming
of stock
• Power transmission - includes
flywheels, pulleys, belts,
connecting rods, couplings, cams,
spindles, chains, cranks, and gears
• Other moving parts - includes
reciprocating, rotating, transverse
moving parts, feed mechanisms,
and auxiliary parts of the machine
 Hazardous Mechanical Motions and Actions

1) Rotating - (including in-running nip points)

• Examples: the nip point between the abrasive
wheel and work rest on a bench grinder, and
collars, couplings, cams, clutches, flywheels,
shafts, spindles, and horizontal or vertical
shafting
– added danger - when bolts, nicks,
abrasions, and projecting keys or set screws
are exposed
– in-running nips points include cogs and
rollers which run opposite of each
other
 Hazardous Mechanical Motions, continued

2) Reciprocating
• Danger exists with back-and-forth or up-
and-down motion
• Workers can be caught between a moving
and a stationary part
3) Transverse motion (movement in a
straight, continuous line)
• Workers can be caught in a pinch point by
a moving part
• Example: tail roller on belt line
 Hazardous Mechanical Motions, continued
4) Cutting action
• Danger exists at point of operation
where flying chips or metal can strike
the eyes and face
5) Punching action
• Results when blanking, drawing, or
stamping metal or other materials
• Danger exists when stock is inserted,
held, and withdrawn by hand
• Example: power press
 Hazardous Mechanical Motions, continued

6) Shearing action
• Involves trimming or shearing metal or
other materials
• Examples: shears which are powered
mechanically, hydraulically, or
pneumatically
 Hazardous Mechanical Motions, continued

7) Bending action
• Results when metal or other
materials are drawn or stamped
• Hazard occurs when stock is
inserted, held, and withdrawn
• Examples are bending equipment
such as power presses, press
brakes, and tubing benders
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

• noise/vibration
 Effects of Noise Exposure
What Exposure to Loud Noise Will Do

• Exposure to loud noise will

inevitably cause hearing loss
over time.

• Loud noise damages or

destroys the nerves in the inner
ear.

• Another effect can be “tinnitus”

or permanent ringing in the ear.
 Effects of Noise Exposure
When is Noise Too Loud?
• Noise is measured in units called “decibels” or “dB”

• If two people 3 feet apart must shout to be heard,

the background noise is too loud (above 85
decibels).

• Noise above 140 decibels causes pain and

immediate hearing loss.
 Effects of Noise Exposure
Long Term Exposure to Noise
• Our ears can recover from
short exposure to loud
noise, but over time nerve
damage will occur.

• The longer and louder the

noise, the greater chance
permanent damage will
occur.

• There is really no such

thing as “tough ears” or
“getting used to it”.
 Effects of Noise Exposure
Hearing Loss From Noise Exposure

• Hearing loss from noise

exposure is usually not
noticed because it is so
gradual.

• Usually a person loses the

ability to hear higher
pitches first.

• Often the first noticeable

effect is difficulty in
hearing speech.
 Effects of Noise Exposure
Tinnitus From Noise Exposure
• Exposure to high noise levels
can also cause permanent
ringing in the ear or “tinnitus”.

• Tinnitus sufferers usually

complain of constant whistling,
squealing, roaring or buzzing in
one or both ears.

• Severe tinnitus may disrupt

sleep, reduce concentration and
cause irritability and
depression.
 Effects of Noise Exposure
What is Too Much Noise Exposure?

• Damage from noise

exposure depends on
the loudness and
length of exposure.

• Scientific studies
have shown that
hearing loss can
occur when 8-hour
average noise
exposure exceeds 85
decibels.
 Effects of Noise Exposure
What is Too Much Noise Exposure?

• The risk of hearing loss

increases dramatically as
noise levels increase.

• Exposure to noise levels

above 115 decibels for even
5 minutes is very risky.

• Impact or banging noise

above 140 decibels will
cause immediate damage to
nerves in the ear.
8
 Effects of Noise Exposure
Daily Allowable Exposure Times to Noise
The table below shows noise levels and how long a
person can be exposed without hearing protection
before there is damage to the ear.
Noise Level Allowable Exposure Time

85 decibels 8 hours
90 decibels 4 hours
100 decibels 1 hour
105 decibels 30 minutes
110 decibels 15 minutes
115 decibels 0 minutes

9
 Noise Levels
Examples of Commonly Used Noisy Equipment

Equipment Noise Level

Back Hoe 85-95 decibels
Chain Saw 110 decibels
Front-end Loader 90-95 decibels
Gunshot 140 decibels
Jackhammer 112 decibels
Lawn Mower 90 decibels
Tractor 95-105 decibels
Circular Saw 90-100 decibels
 Electricity - The Dangers
• About 5 workers are
electrocuted every week
• Causes 12% of young
worker workplace deaths
• Takes very little electricity
to cause harm
• Significant risk of causing
fires
 Electrical Injuries
There are four main types of electrical injuries:
• Direct:
Electrocution or death due to electrical shock
Electrical shock
Burns
• Indirect - Falls
 Electrical Shock
An electrical shock is received when electrical
current passes through the body.

You will get an electrical shock if a part of your

body completes an electrical circuit by…
• Touching a live wire and an electrical ground, or
• Touching a live wire and another wire at a
different voltage.
 Shock Severity
• Severity of the shock
depends on:
– Path of current through the
body
– Amount of current flowing
through the body (amps)
– Duration of the shocking
current through the body,
• LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT
MEAN LOW HAZARD
 Burns
• Most common shock-related
injury
• Occurs when you touch
electrical wiring or equipment
that is improperly used or
maintained
• Typically occurs on hands
• Very serious injury that
needs immediate attention
 Falls
• Electric shock can
also cause indirect
injuries
• Workers in elevated
locations who
experience a shock
may fall, resulting in
serious injury or
death
Electrical Hazards and How to

Control Them
Electrical accidents
are caused by a
combination of three
factors:
– Unsafe equipment
and/or installation,
– Workplaces made
unsafe by the
environment, and
– Unsafe work practices.
Hazard – Exposed Electrical
Parts

Cover removed from wiring or breaker

box
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

• height
SLIPS!! :to slide along smoothly resulting in
a sudden mishap.

• Weather conditions may cause the

floors to be wet or the ground to be
oily.
• Watch were you are stepping and
use caution on wet floors and oily to
avoid slipping.
 TRIPS!! :to catch the foot on something so
as to stumble.

• Damaged steps or misplaced items are major

factors in trips.
• Make sure that steps you use often are in good
shape and that items (that do not belong on the
steps) are out of the way.
• Use handrails when ascending or descending
stairs.
 FALLS!! :to descend freely by the force of
gravity.

 Eliminate the hazard when possible (i.e. broken

chair, unstable ladder, etc...)
 Practice good judgement - Don’t lean back in
chairs, don’t climb on unstable shelving or
tables.
 OTHER HAZARDS

Prevent a potential
injury by cleaning up
spills and wet floors.
Keep isles and
walkways clear of
clutter or obstructions.
Pick up objects
and move
extension cords to
eliminate the
potential for injury.
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

• heat
 HEAT STRESS
Contributing Factors
• Environmental Factors
-Temperature
-Humidity
-Radiant Heat
-Air Velocity
• Personal Factors
-Age
-Weight
-Fitness
-Acclimatization
 HEAT STRESS
Heat Disorders

• Heat Rash
• Heat Cramps
• Heat Exhaustion
• Heat Stroke
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

• pressure
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

• bacteria/virus/spore
• vegetable dust
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
PATHOGEN: a microorganism that can cause
disease
Examples of Illnesses Pathogens Cause
• Viruses AIDS, Hepatitis B, colds, flu, Herpes
• Bacteria Intestinal diseases, Tuberculosis,
Gonorrhea

• Fungi Athlete’s foot, Farmer’s lung,

Asthma/allergies
• Parasites Giardiasis, Malaria, Trichinosis

E. coli (bacteria) Trichinella (parasite)

 Transmission of Diseases
Organisms can enter the body via
• Inhalation
Air • Ingestion
Contaminated
food,
water • Contact
Bloodborne
Transmission of BBPs

Bloodborne
Pathogens can enter
your body through
• a break in the skin
(cut, burn, lesion,
etc.)
• mucus membranes
(eyes, nose, mouth)
• sexual contact
• other modes
 Bloodborne Pathogen
Diseases
Some examples of bloodborne pathogens:
• Malaria • Arboviral infections
• Syphilis • Relapsing fever
• Brucellosis • Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease
• Leptospirosis • Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

Main bloodborne pathogens and diseases of concern

• Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) – Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) – Hepatitis C
• Human Immunodeficiency – AIDS
Virus (HIV)
 Microbial Allergic Reactions
• In the majority of people, occur following
exposure to allergens from:
– dust mites
– cats, dogs and other pets or farm animals
e.g.. horse or cow
– droppings from rodents
– fecal material and particles & dead insects
– insect bite or a bee sting
Fungi
Mucor (cont.)

Mucormycosis in a
patient with
diabetes mellitus
Bacteria:Legionnaire’s Disease

• Name after the outbreak of respiratory

illness which affected 182 & killed 29
veterans in the US
• Caused by Legionella pneumophilla
• Symptoms like severe pneumonia
– include fever, chills, headache and pains cough
and the brain may be affected
 Legionnaire’s Disease (cont.)

• Occurs 2 to 10 days after exposure

• Up to 30% of the 1 in 20 who contract
legionellosis succumbing to the disease
• Bacteria spread through air & inhaled
• Primary means of spread : air conditioning
systems
– e.g. cooling towers
 Legionnaire’s Disease (cont.)

• Often strikes the middle aged & elderly

• diabetes may increase vulnerability
• Male appears more at risk statistically
 PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS

• sexual harassment
 PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS

• peer pressure
 PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS

• neighbour/family
 PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS

• drug abuse
• etc.
 PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS

• shift work
THANKS