A

N
ANIMAL BREEDING
S
C
I

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3
2 N.C. CABARAL
A COURSE DESCRIPTION
N Breeding for the improvement of
S economically important traits in farm
C animals
3 units (2 hours lecture and 3 hours
I
laboratory)
Lecture: 7:30-8:30am, WTh
1 Laboratory: 8:30-11:30am, Th
3 Pre-requisite: Genetics and/or
2 Biotechnology
A COURSE OBJECTIVES
N To be able to relate the concept of
S genetics and breeding systems to the
C improvement of both quantitative and
I qualitative traits of different farm
animals
To be able to formulate a genetically
1 sound farm animal (livestock and
3 poultry) breeding program
2
A GRADING SYSTEM
N
S CRITERIA %
C Term examination 30
Quizzes/Assignments 30
I
Class participation 20
Laboratory exercises 10
1 Requirements (ANIMAL 10
3 BREEDING PROGRAM)
2
A ANIMAL BREEDING
N art and science of genetically
S improving various traits in farm
C animals through the manipulation of
I their genetic composition

Applicationof the principles of

1
animal genetics with the goal of
3 improvement of the animals
2
A GENETIC TASKS IN
N
S
ANIMAL BREEDING
Analysis – finding out through
C performance records what we have
I genetically
Synthesis – raising the potential of

1 production efficiency by making better

combinations of genetic materials
3
through systems of breeding and
2 selection
A GOALS OF ANIMAL
N
S
BREEDING
Quantity of animals and their
C products
I Efficiency of production
Quality of animals and their products
1 Aesthetic value of farm animals
3 (poultry and livestock) and their
2 products
A BREED-GROUP DEVELOPED
N IN THE PHILIPPINES
S 
Berkjala (1916) - Berkshire x Jala
C jala native pigs
I Los Banos Cantonese (1916) -
selection and inbreeding of chickens
from Canton China
1
Philamin (1930) - 4/8 Ongole, 3/8
3 Hereford 1/8 Batangas cattle
2
A BREED-GROUP DEVELOPED
N IN THE PHILIPPINES
S Miracle Pig (upgraded pig) 1960’s
C CEBS (UPLB Experimental Broiler Strain)
I Vantress x Arbor Acre)
Laguna Duck (1994) – a three-way cross
1 among Pekin, Phil. Mallard and Muscovy
3 TWC (2007) – a three-way cross among

2 NA, AN and BO goats of CLSU

A CURRENT STATUS OF
N ANIMAL BREEDING
S Owned by multi-national companies
C (i.e. San Miguel corporation, Magnolia,
I Bounty fresh company, etc.)
Merging to attain economic efficiency

1 Marker-assisted selection and

3 biotechnology (i.e. super bull, malakas

at maganda from PCC-CLSU)
2
A CURRENT STATUS OF
N ANIMAL BREEDING
S Development of breeds more tolerant to
C warm conditions and can adopt to changing
I environmental condition
Development of breeds more resistant to
diseases (climate change)
1 Development of breed than can produce
3 more milk, less fat (egg and meat), double
2 muscling, high degree of marbling, etc.)
A ANIMAL BREEDING
N PROGRAM
S
C
I

1
3
2
A STEPS IN DEVELOPING A
N BREEDING PROGRAM
S Set a breeding goal
C Decide what traits are important
I Obtain genetic material
Determine mating system
1 Measure genetic improvement
3 Present products to its advantage
2
A BREEDING GOALS (poultry)
N Increase the growth rate during the
S early period of growth
C Increase breast meat
Increase the yield (less mortality)
I
Decrease the feed requirement for 1
kg body weight
1 Increase disease resistance and
3 improve health
2 Increase the fertility and hatchability
A BREEDING GOALS (broiler)
N Growth rate Feathering rate
S Body weight Breast fleshing
C Weight gain Livability
I Feed consumption Dressing percentage
Feed conversion Percent recovery

1 ratio
3
2
A GROWTH
N Physiological process from conception to
S maturity
C Body weight at a specific age is the most

I frequently used indicator

Body weight gain during a given interval
may be used to indicate average growth
1 rate during the interval measured (ADG)
3 Often measured as part of feed
2 conversion efficiency
A FACTORS INFLUENCING
N GROWTH
S Heredity
C Nutrition
I Management
Other environmental conditions
1 Random sampling variation
3 Non-random selection of chickens to
2 be studied
A INHERITANCE OF
N
S
GROWTH RATE
Body weight h2=0.36-0.71
C
Weight gain h2=0.42-0.72
I
Response to selection (∆G) = 0.31- 0.43
r=0.48 between growth and fat weight
1
r=0.5 to 0.9 between growth and feed
3 traits
2
A GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION
N Rapid follicular growth and Gene(s) influencing the
ovulation results to the non-
S synchronization of function
expression of growth
rate and synthesis of fat
C resulting to the increased incidence
between the ovary and the oviduct;
in the liver

I of abnormal eggs

Increased synthesis of fat

1 Increased fat level in in the liver causes
increased level of fat in
3 circulation causes rapid
growth of ovarian blood circulation
2 follicles and ovulation
A BREEDING GOALS
N (BREEDERS)
S Peak egg production
Number of eggs produced per HH at 64 weeks
C Number of hatching eggs per HH
I Percent fertility
Percent hatchability
1 Number of broiler chicks produced per HH at 23

3 weeks
Others (viability during the growing and laying
2 periods)
A BREEDING GOALS
N TRAITS CURRENT PERFORMANCE TARGET
S Peak production 84-85% 87-88%

C Number of eggs produced

per HH at 64 weeks
180 190

I Number of hatching eggs 171 180

per HH
Hatchability 85% 90%
1 Number of Broiler 145 162
chickens produced per HH
3 at 23 weeks
2
A BREEDING GOALS
N (EGG TYPE)
S Age at sexual maturity
C Body weight at sexual maturity

I Egg production
Egg weight (size)

1 Broodiness

3 Feed efficiency

2
A BREEDING GOALS
N (EGG TYPE)
S External egg characteristics
C Internal egg characteristics

I Egg abnormalities
Depletion rate during growing/laying

1 Molting

3
2
A BREEDING GOALS
N (EGG TYPE)
S Increase the number of eggs laid
C Age at first egg at younger ages
Select for an appropriate egg weight
I
Have the egg shape be oval
Have no bloody or meat spots in the
1 eggs
3
2
A BREEDING GOALS
N (EGG TYPE)
S Decrease the amount of feed
C required to produce 1 kg of eggs
Increase the disease resistance and
I improve health
Increase the fertility and
1 hatchability
3
2
A COMMERCIAL EGG TYPE
N PERFORMANCE
S  Age at peak 27 wks
C  Peak production rate
 Rearing livability
94-95%
96-98%
I  Egg size 61 – 62 g
 Egg number per HH 350 – 355
1  Feed efficiency 2.03 – 2.05
 Livability (18-76 wks) 93 – 95%
3  Body weight at 18 wks 1.26 –1.34 kg
2  Depletion 1.75 –1.85%
A INHERITANCE OF
N REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS
S TRAIT SIRE DAM SIRE + DAM
C Sexual maturity .39 .25 .32
I HH egg production .33 .40 .24
(short term)
HH egg production .15 .41 .22
1 (long term)
Egg weight (early) .45 .53 .45
3
Egg weight (mature) .46 .49 .49
2
A INHERITANCE OF
N REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS
S TRAIT SIRE DAM SIRE + DAM
C Shell thickness .33
I Persistency .20 .49 .10
Broodiness .16 .56 .11
Fertility .02 .21 .08
1 Hatchability .14 - .06
3 Mortality .02 .27 .04
2
A INHERITANCE OF EGG
N CHARACTERISTICS
S
TRAIT SIRE DAM SIRE+DAM
C Specific gravity .35 .34 .32
I Shell strength .53
Shell texture .27
Yolk weight .43 .44 .43
1
Yolk size .39 .33
3 Albumen height .43 .39 .43
2
A PRINCIPLES OF
N INHERITANCE IN ANIMALS
S Mendelian genetics
C
I Population genetics

1 Quantitative genetics
3
2
A ASSIGNMENT
N
IS REPRODUCTION ANIMAL
S
BREEDING? WHY AND HOW?
C
I
THE END!
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