Linear system

Signals and Systems

Unit-1: Classification of Signals
and Systems

Dr. Renuka Devi S M

Professor, ECE Dept , GNITS
 Introduction to Signals
• A Signal is defined as a single valued function of one or
more independent variables which contain some
information
Eg: Voice signal(1D), image (2D)

• A System is defined as an entity that acts on an input

signal and transforms it into an output Signal
Eg: Electrical Systems, Mechanical Systems, Biological Systems etc

2
SS, GNITS
 Representation of Signals
• Graphical Representation
• Functional Representation
• Tabular Representation
• Sequence Representation

SS, GNITS 3
 Elementary Signals
1. Unit Step
2. Unit Impulse
3. Sign Function
4. Unit Ramp
5. Unit Parabolic Function
6. Sinusoidal Signals
7. Real exponential Signals
8. Complex Exponential Signals
9. Rectangular Pulse
10. Triangular Pulse
11. Sinc
12. Gaussian Function
SS, GNITS 4
 Linear system

(1) Unit Step function

1

Shift a
1

a t

SS, GNITS 5
 Linear system

(2) Unit impulse function f (t )

1
a
1 Area=1
 (t )  lim [u (t )  u (t  a)]
a 0 a

a t
 (t )
(1)
 (t ) 
d
f (t ) Amplitude 
dt
t
width  0
k (t  a )
(k )

a t
SS, GNITS 6
 Linear system
(4) Sign function

(5) Unit ramp signal

r (t )

dr (t ) t
u (t )  or r (t )   u ( )d
dt 

SS, GNITS 7
 Linear system

(6) Parabolic signal f p (t )

t
(7) Sinc signal
f p (t )
sin t
sin c(t ) 
t

SS, GNITS 8
 Linear system

Operations on Signals
• Time Shifting
• Time Reversal
• Time Scaling
• Amplitude Scaling
• Signal Addition
• Signal Multiplication

SS, GNITS 9
 Linear system

Signal Classification

• Periodic and aperiodic

• Even and odd
• Real and complex
• Continuous-time and discrete-time
• Deterministic and stochastic (random)
• Causal and noncausal

SS, GNITS 10
 Linear system

Periodic signals f (t )  f (t  T p )

f (t )
Even signals

f (t )  f (t )
t

f (t )
odd signals

f (t )   f (t )
t

SS, GNITS 11
 Linear system
Causal and noncausal system
Example: distinguish between causal and noncausal systems
in the following:
u (t )

1 2 t

(1) Case I y (t )  u (t )

y (t )
when t  1 u (t )  0
but y (t )  0

2 1 t
Noncausal system
SS, GNITS 12
 Linear system
(2) Case II y (t )  u (t   )

y (t )
Delay system

1   2  t causal system

(3) Case III y (t )  u (t )  u (t  2)

causal system
At present past

SS, GNITS 13
 Linear system

(4) Case IV y (t )  u (t )  u (t  2)

noncausal system
At present future

(5) Case V y (t )  u (t 2 ) if u (t ) is unit step

y (t ) when t  0 u (t )  0
but y (t )  0
t
noncausal system
SS, GNITS 14
 Linear system

Sampling

f (t ) f * (t )

…
t t


f * (t )   f (t ) (t  nT )
n  

SS, GNITS 15
 Linear system

Signal operations
• Simple operation : ＋、－
• Convolution : *

SS, GNITS 16
 Linear system
simple operation
f (t )

f (t )  u (t )  r (t )  r (t  1)

u (t )
r (t  1)

r (t )

SS, GNITS 17
 Linear system

g (t )  v(t )   v( ) g (t   )d

Convolution Integral : 
  v(t   ) g (t )d  v(t )  g (t )

 (t ) h(t )

Linear system

u (t ) u (t )  h(t )

Linear system
…

SS, GNITS 18
 Linear system
 (t )
Linear system
h(t )
I.C.=0
Impulse response

L[h(t )]  H ( s ) Transfer function of the system

f (t ) Linear system y zs (t )
I.C.=0
Any input Zero state response

y zs (t )  f (t )  h(t )
SS, GNITS 19
 Classification of Signals
• Continuous & Discrete:
• Periodic & Non-Periodic,
• Energy and Power Signals
• Even & Odd
• Deterministic & Random

SS, GNITS 20
 Linear system
Example : Graphical convolution

u (t ) h(t )  4  t / 2

t t
2 3 8

(1) t  2
h(t   ) u ( )
y (t )  0
t 8 t 2 3

SS, GNITS 21
 Linear system

(2)  2 t 3
h(t   ) u ( )
t t 
y (t )   2(4  ) d
2 2
t 8  2t 3

(3) 3 t 6

h(t   ) u ( )

3 t 
y (t )   2(4  )d
t 8  2 3 t 2 2

SS, GNITS 22
 Linear system
(4) 6 t 11

u ( ) h(t   )

3 t 
y (t )   2(4  )d
2 t 8 3 t t 8 2

(5) 11 t

u ( )
h(t   )

y (t )  0
2 3 t 8 t

SS, GNITS 23
 Linear system

t  2 y (t )  0
t t 
 2 t 3 y (t )   2(4  ) d
2 2
3 t 
Ans: 3 t 6 y (t )   2(4  )d
2 2
3 t 
6 t 11 y (t )   2(4  )d
t 8 2
11 t y (t )  0

SS, GNITS 24
 Linear system

Laplace and convolution

u (t ) y (t )  u (t )  h(t )
h(t )

integral

U (s ) Y (s)  U (s) H (s)

H (s )

Algebra
operator

SS, GNITS 25
 Linear system
Example u (t ) h(t )  4  t / 2

t t
2 3 8
h (t )

u (t )   (t  2)   (t  3)  (t )
L[u (t )]  e 2 s  e 3s  sU ( s )  u (0  ) 8
3 s
t
e e
2s
1 
4
U (s)  8
s 1 1
 
h (t )   (t )   (t )   (t  8)
2 2
1 1
L[(h(t )]  s   e 8 s
2 2
 s 2 H ( s )  sh(0  )  h(0  )
2 s  1  e 8 s
H ( s) 
2s 2
SS, GNITS 26
 Linear system

(2s  1  e 8 s )(e 2 s  e 3s  1)

Y ( s)  U ( s) H ( s) 
2s 3

Hint: L[ f (t   )u (t   )]  e s f ( s )

SS, GNITS 27
Laplace transform
For causal signals pass through linear time-invariant
causal systems

 where s    j
X ( s )  L{x(t )}   x(t )e dt
 st
Complex frequency
0

f(t) F(s) f(t) F(s)

0
 (t ) 1 u (t ) sin  0t s 2  02
1 s
u(t) u (t ) cos  0t s 2  02
s
r(t) 1 n!
s2
u (t )t n
s n1
1 1
f p (t )  t1 2
2 e  at
( s a )
s3

SS, GNITS 28
 Linear system
Laplace transform properties

L[f (t )  g (t )]  F ( s )  G ( s )
L[e  at f (t )]  F ( s  a )
L[ f (t   )u (t   )]  e s f ( s )
L[ f (t )]  sF ( s )  f (0  )
L[ f ( n ) (t )]  s n F ( s)  s n1 f (0  )  s n 2 f (0  )    f n 1
(0  )
t
F (s)  dF ( s )
L[  f ( )d ]  L[tf (t )] 
0
s ds
n
d F (s)
L[t f (t )]  (1)
n n

ds n
SS, GNITS 29