Spread Spectrum

Modulation
Unit 5

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Digital Communication System

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DS Spread spectrum system

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 What is SS?
• Double modulated signal, so has to barely
interfere with any other operating signal of
same freq.
• Wide bandwidth and low peak power
• Hard to detect, even harder to intercept
or demodulate without the proper
equipment

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 Uses of Spread spectrum:
Applications
• Military operations
– Different modulation and encoding
techniques
• Cordless Phones
• GPS global positioning systems
• Digital Cellular
• Personal Communications
• Wireless LANs-WLANs
• Wireless Personal Area Network-WPANs
• Wireless MANs-WMANs
• Wireless WANs-WMANs
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 Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum
Generation:
Bit rate fc is greater than fb.
g(t) “chops the bits of data into chips”
rate of g(t) is chip rate
Spread is increased by fc/fb.
Recovery:

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Block diagram of DSSS

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Spreading Spectrum

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PN Sequence and Chopping

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Single tone interference

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 Uses of SS
• Charateristics
– They are difficult to intercept for an
unauthorised person
– They are easily hidden.
– They are resistance to jamming
– They provide measure of immunity to
disortion due to multipath propagation
– They have Multiple access capability.

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Ranging using DS spectrum

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 Frequency Hoping SS
• FH is FM/FSK technique
• DSSS is AM/BPSK technique
• Adv of FH is to avid in-band interfering signal
• Pe is more
– Hence need for coding
• Near far problem
– No near far problem
• Spectrum of FHSS
• Generation & Recovery
– Problem major is SYNCHRONISATION

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FHSS

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Spectrum of FHSS

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Generation & Characteristics of
PN code
• Sequence length
• Properties of shifted sequence
• Auto correlation of PN sequence
• PSD

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PN sequence generation

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Autocorrelation

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 Synchronization of SS

• Synchronization in DSSS
– Acquisition or coarse tracking in DSSS
– Fine tracking in DSSS
• Synchronization in FHSS
– Acquisition or coarse tracking in FHSS
– Fine tracking in FHSS

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 TDMA

Need very good synchronization, and some time overheads.

No frequency guard bands, but need time slot guards , and
some framing overheads.
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 FDMA

Accurate Guard bands are required

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The End

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