MODELS OF CULTURE

By:-
Aarush rana
CUHP17MBA01
 CONTENT

1. EDWARD HALL MODEL

2. FLORENCE KLUCKHOHN AND FRED STRODTBECK
MODEL
Edward Hall Model

• Pioneer in this field

• He was a cross-cultural researcher.
• He is remembered for developing the concept of:
– Proxemics

– Chronemics (Polychronic and Monochronic Time)

– High and Low Context Culture

Proxemics
What is Proxemics?

• Is the use of space, either personal or office.

• In the United States people use one of four zones.
• Intimate Zone
• Personal Zone
• Social Zone
• Public Zone
Personal Space in the U.S.
Proxemics Demonstration

• US
• Netherlands
• Saudi Arabia
Low Contact Culture Examples

• Great Britain
• Japan
• United States
• Far East (being the most noncontact)
High Contact Culture Examples

• Southern Europe
• South America
• Middle East (being the highest contact) 
Chronemics
Chronemics – What is it?

• Reflect the use and perception of time in a culture.

• Two dominant patterns are characteristic:
• Monochronic

• Polychronic
Monochronic

• Things are done in a linear fashion.

• One activity at a time.
• Time schedules and plans are important.
• An appointment is treated seriously.
Monochronic

• Emphasize promptness
• Concentrate on the job
• Are accustomed to short-term relationships
• Are low-context and need information
Monochronic Cultures Examples

• Germany
• United Kingdom
• Canada
• Scandinavia
• Switzerland
• most parts of the United States
Polychronic

• Things are done in a nonlinear fashion

• People tend to do several things at the same time.
• Schedules and plans are less important.
Polychronic

• Are highly distractible and subject to interruptions

• Are committed to people and human relationships
• Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships
• Are high-context and already have information
Polychronic Cultures Examples

• Middle East
• China
• Mexico
• Pakistan
• India
• Africa countries
High Context vs. Low Context
Visualize it this way
Florence Kluckhohn & Strodbeck Model

Type of Traditional- Mixed Modern—

national high context Low context
culture
•Relation to Subjugation Harmony Mastery
nature
•Time view Past Present Future

•Human nature Evil (theory X) Mixed Good (theory Y)

•Activity Being Containing Doing

•Relationships Hierarchical Group Individualistic

•Spatial Public Mixed Private

Relation to Nature
• Subjugation
Accept nature; don’t try to change it
• Harmony
Coexist with nature (feng shui)
• Mastery
Change nature through technology when necessary or
desirable
Time Orientation
• Past
Emphasizes tradition
• Present
Focuses on short-term
• Future
Emphasizes long-term
Basic Human Nature
• Good
People trust each other
• Mixed-Neutral
Generally trusting but need to be cautious and protect self
• Evil
Lack of trust
•
Activity Orientation
• Doing
Emphasis on action, achievement, learning
• Containing/Controlling
Emphasis on rationality and logic
• Being
Emphasis on enjoying life and working for the moment
 Relationships
among People
• Individualistic
People define themselves through personal
characteristics and achievement
• Group-oriented
People relate to and take responsibility for
members of the family, network, or community
• Hierarchical
People value group relationships but also within
the society emphasize relative ranking of
groups
Space Orientation
• Public
Space belongs to all
• Mixed
There is a combination of public and private space
• Private
People consider it important to have their own space
 Were you attentive?

1. Which of the country is having monochronic culture?

• China
• Mexico
• Germany
• India

2. We discussed about which 3 models in this ppt, first

edward model, kluckhohn model and third is?
 Give it a try!

How to pronouce
KLUCKHOHN?
THANK YOU
SOURCES
• www.google.com
• ww.youtube.com
• https://michellehwang.weebly.com/
• https://www.umt.edu/