7 QC Tools

Basic QC Tools

1. Pareto Diagram

2. Cause & Effect Diagram

3. Graph

7 Tools 4. Check Sheet

5. Scatter Diagram

6. Histogram

7. Control Chart
 Pareto Diagram

 Pareto charts are a type of bar chart in which the horizontal axis

represents categories of interest, rather than a continuous scale. The

categories are often “defects.”
 This tool is based on the idea that the majority of defects are

caused by few defective item, which classifies the quality problem into
the “vital few” and “trivial many” (80-20 rule).
 A cumulative percentage line helps you judge the

added contribution of each category.

 Pareto charts can help to focus improvement efforts on

areas where the largest gains can be made.

 Example

Pareto Chart

50 100

40 80

Percent
30 60
Count

20 80-20 rule 40

10 20

0 0
e d t
c od re dite e sss t
rma o rrec
Defect ng s er
v ice
en
tn ot c
ron
ga ddr
n fu
sin g of
fa c to
r inc
w ro p ay
m W co rate
Count 21 10 8 6 5
Percent 42.0 20.0 16.0 12.0 10.0
Cum % 42.0 62.0 78.0 90.0 100.0

Figure 1 : Example of Pareto diagram

 Procedure

1. Decide on the problem to be addressed or items to study and

collect data.

2. Decide also the period for which the data is to be collected.

3. Arrange the data in order of decreasing size.

4. Calculate the cumulative number and percentage.

5. Draw horizontal and vertical axes on graph paper.

6. Draw the bar graph.

7. Draw the vertical axis on the right edge and scale it.

8. Draw the cumulative curve.

Complete the diagram with titles and units of reference.( Figure 1)

 Cause and Effect Diagram

 The cause and effect diagram analysis was first developed by

Professor Kaoru Ishikawa of the University of Tokyo in the 1940s’, is
also known as the ‘Fishbone Diagram’ or the ‘Ishikawa Diagram’.

 His first application of this technique was in the Fulsai iron work
1953. Due to its’ final form, some people called it the “Fishbone
Diagram”.

 This tool is a picture of lines and symbols designed to represent the

relationship between the effects as problems and the causes
influencing them.
There is no “correct” way to construct a fishbone diagram, some
types lend themselves well to many different situations.
 Example

Cause and Ef f ect Diagram

Measurements Manpower
Coil
Speaker Lack of
training
Factor Cone
Small bone attitudes Effect
Wire
Poor
Bad transmitter
instruction
Missing maintanance
tools
Solder joints Defective volume
con
Backbone
Middle bone Intermitten

wire des troyed by mice Irregular

voltage
Methods Machines

Figure 2 : Example of Cause and Effect Diagram

 Uses of Ishikawa Diagram

1. To recognize important causes

2. To understand all effects and causes

3. To compare operational procedures

4. To find major solutions

5. To figure out, what to do?

6. To improve the process

 Procedure

1. State the problem as precisely as possible and draw the back bone.

2. Draw the large bone.

3. Get all members involved by participating in the brainstorming

session to obtain as many ideas as possible.

4. The ideas collected are then critically examined to classify them

into the main grouping and subsequent grouping (middle bone, small
bone and fine bone). (Figure 2)

5. Dram the middle bones, small bones and fine bones.

6. Check to see whether any causes have been left.

7. Identify the important causes by members vote, proper analysis of

data and Pareto diagram.

8. Fill in all related information such title, product, process, etc..

 Graph

 Graph refer to the results of statistical analysis of data (numbers)

which are shown in diagrammatic form to communicate information.

 There are numerous types of graphs as listed are commonly use;

a. Bar graph

b. Line graph

c. Radar graph

f. Pie graph

 Each of above graphs is applicable based on analysis requirement.

 Example
Weekly Brown Stain Fallout Brown Stain Fallout

0.90 1.400

0.80
1.200
0.70
1.000
0.60

0.50 0.800

%
%

0.40 0.600

0.30
0.400
0.20
0.200
0.10

0.00 0.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
week week

Bar Graph Line Graph

Attandance Chart
Self Improvement

Decisive
3
2
Leadership
5%
1

95%
0

Knowledge Team Spirit

Communication

Before After

Radar Graph Pie Graph

 Check Sheet

Check sheets are sheets that are design in advance to collect the
necessary data easily and systematically, which allow the efficient
checking of all items for inspection and verification.
 Procedure

1. Specify the aim of collecting data

2. Decide on the item to be check

3. Decide on the method for stratification

4. Format the check sheet

5. Analyze the data

6. Make clear the causes

7. Implementation of counter measure

8. Grasp the effect

9. Standardization of operations to practice the new and improves

method properly.
 Scatter Diagram

 Scatter diagram is a diagram where the relationship between two

characteristic value are plotted and analyze as to whether a
correlation exists between the two set of data.

 Several types of correlation could be found from scatter diagram

are;

1. Positive strong correlation

2. Negative strong correlation

3. Positive moderate correlation

4. Negative moderate correlation

5. Absence of correlation
 Example

Scatter Diagram f or BTU

19

14
BTU.In

5 10 15 20
BTU.Out

Figure 3 : Example of Scatter Diagram (Positive strong correlation)

 Procedure

1. Collect and count the number of data

2. Determine the largest (L) and smallest (S) value of data

3. Select number of classes (bars)

Number of Data Number of Classes (K)

30 - 50 5-8

51 - 100 6 - 10

101 - 300 7 - 13

4. Find class interval (H)

H=L-S/K

5. Determine starting point of classes

6. Calculate mid value of each class (half of the measurement unit)

7. Count frequency of data

8. Prepare the histogram

 Histogram

 A histogram is a vertical bar chart that depicts the distribution of a

set of data.

 It is a useful tool to study the dispersion of data and analyze

certain quality characteristic of the product or service to which the
data in histogram refers.

 A histogram does not reflect the process behavior over time

 Example

Histogram f or Camshaf t

20
Frequency

10

598 599 600 601

Supp1

Figure 4 : Example of Histogram

 Procedure

1. Collect and count the number of data

2. Determine the largest (L) and smallest (S) value of data

3. Select number of classes (bars)

Number of Data Number of Classes (K)

30 - 50 5-8

51 - 100 6 - 10

101 - 300 7 - 13

4. Find class interval (H)

H=L-S/K

5. Determine starting point of classes

6. Calculate mid value of each class (half of the measurement unit)

7. Count frequency of data

8. Prepare the histogram