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Sampling Techniques
Sampling Techniques
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Important statistical terms
Population:
a set which includes all
measurements of interest
to the researcher
(The collection of all
responses, measurements, or
counts that are of interest)
Sample:
A subset of the population
?Why sampling
Non-probability samples
Probability samples
Non probability samples
Random sampling
Each subject has a known probability of
being selected
Allows application of statistical sampling
theory to results to:
Generalise
Test hypotheses
Conclusions
Ensure
Representativeness
Precision
Methods used in probability
samples
Stratified sampling
Multi-stage sampling
Cluster sampling
Simple random sampling
Table of random numbers
684257954125632140
582032154785962024
362333254789120325
985263017424503686
Systematic sampling
Sampling fraction
Ratio between sample size and population
size
Systematic sampling
Cluster sampling
Cluster: a group of sampling units close to each
other i.e. crowding together in the same area or
neighborhood
Cluster sampling
Section 1 Section 2
Section 3
Section 5
Section 4
Stratified sampling
Multi-stage sampling
Errors in sample
Quantitative Qualitative
2
Z σ 2 Z2 π(1 π)
n n
D2 D2
(σ12 σ 22 )xF 2 P (1 - P) F
n n
D 2
D2
Problem 1
A study is to be performed to determine a
certain parameter in a community. From a
previous study a sd of 46 was obtained.
If a sample error of up to 4 is to be
accepted. How many subjects should be
included in this study at 99% level of
confidence?
Answer
2
Z σ 2
n
D 2
2
2.58 x 46 2
n 880.3 ~ 881
42
Problem 2
A study is to be done to determine effect
of 2 drugs (A and B) on blood glucose
level. From previous studies using those
drugs, Sd of BGL of 8 and 12 g/dl were
obtained respectively.
A significant level of 95% and a power of
90% is required to detect a mean
difference between the two groups of 3
g/dl. How many subjects should be include
in each group?
Answer
(σ σ )xF
2 2
n 2
1 2
D
(8 12 )x10.5
2 2
n 2
242.6 ~ 243
3
in each group
Problem 3
It was desired to estimate proportion of
anaemic children in a certain preparatory
school. In a similar study at another school
a proportion of 30 % was detected.
Compute the minimal sample size required
at a confidence limit of 95% and accepting
a difference of up to 4% of the true
population.
Answer
Z π(1 π)
2
n 2
D