Chapter 10:

Ego psych & Object relations theory

9-20-10
 Ego Psychology
• Shift in focus from id to ego
• Erik Erikson: Emphasized ego as a powerful and
independent part of personality
– Ego involved in mastering the environment, achieving
goals, establishing identity
– Establishing secure identity (sense of self) is a
primary function of ego
– Difficulty establishing identity produces identity crisis
 Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development
• Erikson argued that personality development
occurs throughout life
• Erikson argued that challenges at each stage were
social rather than sexual
– Trust Versus Mistrust (Infancy)
– Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood)
– Initiative Versus Guilt (≈ age 3)
– Industry Versus Inferiority (≈ age 4 until ≈ age 11)
– Identity Versus Role Confusion (≈ age 12 until ≈ age 18)
– Intimacy Versus Isolation (≈ age 19 until ≈ age 40)
– Generativity Versus Stagnation (≈ age 41 until ≈ age 65)
– Integrity Versus Despair (≈ age 66 until death)
 Karen Horney and a Feminist
Interpretation of Psychoanalysis
• Revised theory of penis envy: Penis is a symbol of
social power rather than an organ that women
actually desire to have
• Highlighted the influence of the culture on
personality development
• “Fear of success”: Accounts for gender difference
in response to competition and achievement
situations
 Early Childhood Attachment
• Research by Harlow on infant monkeys
– Monkey babies given wire or cloth “mother”
– “Attachment”
• Connection with a warm and responsive primary caregiver
necessary for proper development
• Research by Bowlby on human infants
– Infants need to be protected, nurtured and supported
– Separation anxiety – Bowlby noticed some infants
become extremely upset when separated from Mom
 Early Childhood Attachment cont.
• Ainsworth: Strange situation procedure for
studying attachment
• Three attachment patterns in infants: Secure,
avoidant, and ambivalent
• Bowlby and others: Early attachment experiences
and reactions of the infant to parents, especially
the mother, form “working models” for later
adult relationships
• Working models are internalized in the form of
unconscious expectations about relationships
 Adult Relationships & Attachment
• Does attachment style developed in childhood
relate to adult romantic relationship style?
– Correlation between reports of childhood and adult
attachment style
• Hazan and Shaver (1987)—3 relationship styles
– Secure – trust others, no problem forming close
bonds
– Avoidant – suspicious of others, afraid to be
dependent
– Ambivalent – uncertain about relationships; require a
lot of reassurance