LTE eRAN6.

0 Admission
& Congestion Control

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Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the functionality of load control
 Outline the load indicator in eNodeB monitoring
 Describe admission control feature and parameters
 Describe congestion control feature and parameters
 Perform relevant load monitoring in M2000
 Verify the feature activation in M2000

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 Contents
1. Load Control Modules & Architecture
2. Load Monitoring
3. Admission Control
4. Congestion Control
5. Feature Monitoring and Verification

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 Purpose of Load Control
 Maintain system stability
 Maximizing resource usage and cell capacity
 Ensures the quality of admitted services
 Provides the required QoS scheme

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 Load Control Modules

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 Contents
1. Load Control Modules & Architecture
2. Load Monitoring
3. Admission Control
4. Congestion Control
5. Feature Monitoring and Verification

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 Load Indicator for Admission & Con
gestion Control

PRB Usage

QoS satisfaction Admission Control

rate Congestion Control

Resource Limitation
Indications

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 PRB Usage Monitoring
 On uplink, eNodeB will monitoring the PRB ratio used by high pri
ority service, including GBR service, SRB and scheduling request
 The eNodeB compares the calculated PRB usage with the uplink PRB
usage thresholds CellRacThd.UlRbHighThd and CellRacThd.UlRbLowTh
d and then determines the PRB usage status. Using both the upper
and lower thresholds prevents a possible ping-pong effect..

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 Uplink PRB Threshold Setting

 We use high threhold and low threshold to prevent the

pingpong effect for the indication

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 QoS Satisfaction Rate – Downlink
 For QCI=1 VoIP service, the QoS satisfaction rate is
represented by the ratio of voice over IP (VoIP) serv
ices whose QoS requirements are satisfied in a cell t
o all VoIP services in the cell.
 For QCI=2~4 service, QoS satisfaction rate is evaluat
ed by the following formula with each QCI
 GBR Service QoS Satisfaction Rate(QCI2~4)= the schedule
d data volume/ the total required GBR data volume

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 QoS Satisfaction Rate – Uplink
 Uplink QoS evaluation is similar as downlink
 For QCI 1 service, the QoS satisfaction rate is represe
nted by the ratio of voice over IP (VoIP) services whos
e QoS requirements are satisfied in a cell to all VoIP
services in the cell
 For QCI=2~4 service, eNodeB evaluates the ratio based o
n each logical channel group which is configured by RRC

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 Resource Limitation Indications
 The following resource limitations could be used for
admission control
 PUCCH resource limitation : PUCCH resource must be rese
rved for the new user. If PUCCH resource is insufficie
nt, a PUCCH resource limitation indication is sent to a
dmission control, instructing admission control not to
accept any access requests.
 Transport resource limitation: If congestion occurs whe
n the transport resource is insufficient , eNodeB will
proceed relevant procedure based on TRM algorithm

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 Resource Limitation Indications
 Cell congestion indication: Cell congestion indications are pr
ovided by congestion control to indicate that the Uu interface
resources are insufficient.
 When congestion occurs, the eNodeB reacts as follows:
 If a GBR service access request arrives, the eNodeB rejects the a
ccess request (either new services or handovers) regardless of wh
ether congestion occurs in the downlink or uplink.
 If a non-GBR service access request arrives, the eNodeB directly
admits non-GBR services without evaluating the QoS satisfaction r
ate
 If preemption is enabled, the eNodeB checks whether new services
can preempt other services.

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 Contents
1. Load Control Modules & Architecture
2. Load Monitoring
3. Admission Control
4. Congestion Control
5. Feature Monitoring and Verification

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 Admission Control Flow
 Admission control determines whether to accept the re
quests for new services and handover services.
 The following figure shows the process of admission c
ontrol.
 It is only valid for normal service, emergency servic
e adopts a special admission control

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 Non-GBR Service Admission Control
 If the following resource check has passed, non-GBR service co
uld be directly admitted.
 User number doesn’t achieve the maximum number in the license, if
it happens and intra-operator user preemption is enabled, it will
trigger the preemption flow (eRAN6.0 enhancement)
 UE capability is capable for the requested service
 PUCCH resource is not limited
 No cell congestion indication
 After user number, UE capability and PUCCH resource check , SRB
could be directly admitted

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 GBR Service Admission Control
 GBR service admission control is triggered after preliminar
y resource check.
 QoS satisfaction ratio based admission control is the key t
echnology for GBR service admission control which is used f
or both uplink and downlink.
 For uplink GBR service, besides QoS satisfaction ratio, the
following two factors will be considered as well:
 Uplink PRB usage, if it is low than lower threshold, then GBR
service could be directly admitted
 Uplink VoIP delayed time, if it is more than 100 ms , it could
be directly admitted

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 GBR Admission Control – Downlink

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 GBR Admission Control - Uplink

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 Service Classification
 Service type
 New service
ARP Value Service Priority
 Gold
1~5 Gold
 Silver
6~10 Silver
 Copper 11~15 Copper
 Handover service

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 Admission Threshold Based on Satis
faction Ratio
 The admission threshold for handovers is QcixHoThd.
 The admission threshold for new gold services is QcixHoThd
plus NewGoldUserOffset.
 The admission threshold for new silver services is QcixHoT
hd plus NewSilverUserOffset.
 The admission threshold for new copper services is QcixHoT
hd plus NewCopperUserOffset.
 QcixHoThd ≤ QcixHoThd + NewGoldUserOffset ≤ QcixHoThd +
NewSilverUserOffset ≤ QcixHoThd + NewCopperUserOffset ≤
100%

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 The Status of Current Satisfaction
Rate
Happy
Satisfaction Ratio

100%
Excellent
Thr Bronze
Happy Offset Bronze
Thr Silver Offset Silver
Good
ThrGold

Acceptable Offset Gold

Thr HO
QcixHoThd

Unhappy

unhappy

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 Admission Control – Handover Serv
ice
QoS evaluation check

QCI=1 At acceptable
Handover request
No consideration of other
QCIs service

QCI=1

Minimal admission requirements of

current QoS satisfaction rate

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 Admission Control – New Gold Service
QoS evaluation check

QCI=1 At least good

New service request QCI=2

QCI=3 At least acceptable

QCI=4

QCI=1 Gold user

Minimal admission requirements of
current QoS satisfaction rate

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 Admission Control – New Silver Servi
ce
QoS evaluation check

QCI=1 At least happy

New service request QCI=2

QCI=3 At least acceptable

QCI=4

QCI=1 Silver user

Minimal admission requirements of
current QoS satisfaction rate

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 Admission Control – New Copper Servi
ce
QoS evaluation check

Should be excellent
QCI=1
New service request QCI=2
QCI=3 At least acceptable

QCI=4

QCI=1 Copper user

Minimal admission requirements of
current QoS satisfaction rate

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 Admission Decision Based on QoS Sa
tisfaction Rate(Cont.)
 Command for threshold configuration:

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 Preemption Overview
 Preemption procedure can be triggered if admission fa
ilure happen.
 Preemption consist of following mechanism
 User preemption: It will be triggered if admission fail
ure due to license limitation
 Service preemption: It will be triggered if admission f
ailure due to cell congestion or low QoS satisfaction r
atio.

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 User Preemption (eRAN6.0 Enhancemen
t)
 When users with high ARPs users request to access the
network, the eNodeB admits them during radio resource
control (RRC) connection setup. During E-UTRA radio a
ccess bearer (E-RAB) establishment, these users can p
reempt resources allocated to users with low ARPs if
the following two conditions are met:
 The IntraOpUeNumPreemptSwitch check box is selected und
er the UeNumPreemptSwitch parameter.
 The number of admitted users reaches the maximum number
supported by the eNodeB or the licensed user number.

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 Service Preemption
 Prerequisite for service preemption:
 Service preemption switch PreemptionSwitch is ON.
 New service should be capable to preempt the other serv
ice
 The current service should be capable for “to be preem
pted”
 SRB, IMS signaling and emergency call can’t be preem
pted.

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 Service Preemption Rules
 Preemption should be taken with the same attribution
service: GBR preempt GBR, and non-GBR preempt non-GBR
 The value of the ARP IE "priority level" of the to-b
e-preempted service is greater than or equal to Preem
ptionArpThd.
 The value of the ARP IE "priority level" of the to-b
e-preempted service is greater than that of the preem
pting service.
 If the to-be-preempted service is a GBR service, the
resources allocated to it are more than or equal to t
he resources required by the preempting GBR service.
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 GBR Service Preemption Flow
 Step 1: The eNodeB groups the GBR services with low p
riorities. The eNodeB first selects releasable GBR se
rvices and then groups the services with the lowest p
riorities among them.
 The service with the largest value of the ARP IE "prior
ity level" has the lowest priority and ranks first. If
two services have the same "priority level" value, the
service that occupies more PRBs ranks ahead of the othe
r.

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 GBR Service Preemption Flow
 Step 2: The eNodeB selects services to be preempted.
 eNodeB estimates the required PRB for the new service
 Preempt the service from candidate set with low priorit
y, until GBR is guaranteed
 The preemption fails if no service can be preempted or
the number of PRBs released from ten preempted services
does not meet the requirements of the preempting servic
e.
 If the GBR service to be preempted is the only GBR serv
ice on a UE, the UE can be redirected when redirection
is enabled
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 Relevant Configuration

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 Contents
1. Load Control Modules & Architecture
2. Load Monitoring
3. Admission Control
4. Congestion Control
5. Feature Monitoring and Verification

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 Cell Congestion Overview
 Congestion can be prevented in most cases if admissio
n control is performed. However, congestion may occur
in the following cases:
 The services are diverse and the data rates of certain
services vary significantly. Variations in the data vol
ume inevitably affect the cell load.
 The radio conditions vary because of user mobility. The
same service at the same data rate may require differen
t radio resources on different occasions.

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 Congestion Control Flow

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 Cell Congestion Status Trigger
The cell is regarded as congested if
1. The downlink QoS satisfaction rate corresponding to one
or more QCIs is lower than the relevant congestion thre
shold
2. or if the uplink QoS satisfaction rate is lower than th
e relevant congestion threshold and the uplink PRB usag
e is high.
Cell congestion indication will be removed if
all QoS satisfaction rate both for uplink and down link
is higher than the congestion threshold plus an offset
.

The cell is regarded as normal if the QoS satisfaction rates of all QCIs
are higher than the corresponding QcixCongThd (x = 1–4).

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 Threshold Configuration

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 Cell Congestion Control Solution
 If cell is congested, congestion control selects a se
rvice that ranks the first in the group of admitted l
ow-priority GBR services and releases the selected se
rvice.
 After the GBR service is released, the eNodeB checks
whether the QoS satisfaction rates of GBR services ar
e restored. If the QoS satisfaction rates of GBR serv
ices are not restored, the eNodeB performs the GBR se
rvice release procedure again until the congestion is
relieved.
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 Contents
1. Load Control Modules & Architecture
2. Load Monitoring
3. Admission Control
4. Congestion Control
5. Feature Monitoring and Verification

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Page43
 Feature Observation – Admission B
ased on QoS Satisfaction Rate
 Step 1: On the M2000 client, start S1 interface traci
ng and start monitoring on the following items: QoS s
atisfaction rate, RB usage, and the number of service
s.

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 Feature Observation – Admission B
ased on QoS Satisfaction Rate (Con
t.)
 Step 2: Use UEs to access a cell, and perform GBR ser
vices with a QCI in the range of 2 to 4 on the UEs. M
ove some UEs to the cell center and increase the GBR
traffic volume on these UEs until the MAC layer repor
ts that the uplink RB usage is higher than CellRacThd
.UlRbHighThd. Then, move some other UEs to the cell e
dge until the QoS satisfaction rate of the GBR servic
es on
 these UEs falls below the admission threshold for thi
s QCI.
Step 3: Initiate new GBR services with a QCI in the r
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Copyright
 Feature Observation – Admission B
ased on QoS Satisfaction Rate (Con
t.)
 Step 4: Check S1 message tracing, if the cause value
for E-RAB setup failures is "radioNetwork: radio-reso
urces-not-available" in the S1AP_ERAB_SETUP_RSP messa
ges, it indicates the service setup has been rejected

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 Feature Observation – Service Preemp
tion
 Scenario setting: We should configure 2 different GBR
services (A and B). Suppose service A has a QCI of 3
and an ARP value of 7, and GBR service B has a QCI of
4 and an ARP value 9. Both GBR services can preempt o
ther services and can be preempted.
 Feature Observation:
 Step 1: Start S1 trace, PRB usage monitoring, QoS satis
faction rate monitoring in M2000.
 Step 2: Access some UE, performing each service , and r
ecord the e-RAB ID for each service from S1 interface

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 Feature Observation – Service Pre
emption (Cont.)
 Step 3: Proceed the similar operation as case 1, make
the high uplink PRB and low QoS satisfaction rate. An
d then access another UE with service A, so admission
will be failure and trigger the preemption flow
 Step 4: Monitor S1 signaling to verify that GBR ser
vice A preempts GBR service B. GBR service B is relea
sed

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Page48
 Feature Observation – Congestion
Control
 Step 1: Start S1 trace, PRB usage monitoring, QoS satisfa
ction rate monitoring in M2000.
 Step 2: Use some UEs to access cell and perform GBR servi
ce with QCI2~4. Move some UEs to the cell center and incr
ease the GBR traffic volume on these UEs until the MAC la
yer reports that the uplink RB usage is higher than CellR
acThd.UlRbHighThd .Then, move some other UEs to the cell
edge until the QoS satisfaction rate of the GBR services
on these UEs falls below the congestion threshold for thi
s QCI.

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 Feature Observation – Congestion
Control (Cont.)
 Step 3: Check the S1 interface tracing result for the
S1AP_ERAB_REL_IND message. If the release cause value
is "radioNetwork: reduce-load-in-serving-cell" in the
S1AP_ERAB_REL_IND message, it indicated this GBR serv
ice has been released due to congestion control.

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 Summary
 The significance of admission control and congestion
control
 The important load indications in the eNodeB
 Admission control flow, especially QoS satisfaction r
ate based GBR admission flow.
 Cause of cell congestion, and solution for congestion
control
 Interaction between admission control and congestion
control

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Thank you
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