Kimia Teknik

(2 SKS Teori)

3th – Atoms, Molecules, and Ions: The Structure of Atoms

Oleh:
Noviana Utami C. S., SST., M.Eng.

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 THE ATOMIC THEORY
1. The Fifth Century: The Greek Philosopher Democritus

“Belief that all matter consiste of very small, invisible particle,

which named atomos (atomos means: uncuttable or invisible)”

But the idea of Democritus was not accepted by many of his

contemporaries likes Plato and Aristotle.

2. John Dalton
Make the “Dalton’s Atomic Theory or Dalton’s Hypothesis”

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 THE DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY (DALTON’S HYPOTHESIS):
1. Element are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same, mass,
and chemical properties. The atoms of one element are different from
the atoms of all other elements.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any
compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of the
elements present is either an integer or a simple fraction.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or
rearrangement of atoms, it does not result in their creation or
destruction.

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 FIGURE 2.1 FOR EXPLAINED A SHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF DALTON’S
THIRD HYPOTHESES

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 ADDITIONAL EXPLAINED OF DALTON’S THRID HYPOTHESIS (FIGURE 2.1)

Dalton’s Third Hypothesis say :

“Law of multiple Proportions”

its means:

“If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of
one element that combine with a fixed of the other element are in ratios of small
whole numbers”

e.g. Carbons forms two stable compounds with oxygen, namely : Carbon
Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide. The ratio of oxygen in Carbon Monoxide to
Oxygen in Carbon Dioxide is 1:2 (FIGURE 2.2)

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 FIGURE 2.2 TO EXPLAINED DALTON’S THIRD HYPOTHESIS =
 Carbon Monoxide have
proportion 1 : 1.

 Carbon Dioxide have

proportion 1 : 2.

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 EXPLAINED OF DALTON’S FOURTH HYPOTHESIS

Dalton’s Fourth Hypothesis says:

“Law of conservation of mass”

Its means: matter can be neither created nor destroyed.
Because matter is made of atoms that are unchanged in
chemical reaction, it follows that mass must be conserved as
well.

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 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMS
 Atom as the basic unit of an element that can enter into
chemical combination.

 Dalton imagined an atom that was both extremely small and

indivisible.

 Atom are made up of even smaller particles which are called

subatomic particles.

 Atoms include of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

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 THE STRUCTUR OF ATOMS =
1. THE ELECTRONS
In the 1980s, many scientist became caught up in the study of
radiation.

Radiation is the emission and transmission of energy through space in

the form of waves.

Electrons is the negatively charged particle.

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 2. THE PROTONS AND NEUCLEUS
 Protons is the positively charged particles in the nucleus.
 Nucleus is a dense central core within the atom.

3. THE NEUTRON
Neutron is electrically neutral particle having a mass slighty
greater than that of protons.

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 FIGURE 2.9 FOR EXPLAINED OF THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

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 TABLE 2.1 MASS AND CHARGE OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLE

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 ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS NUMBER, AND ISOTOPES
 Atomic Number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus of
each atom of an element.
 Mass Number (A) is the total number of neutrons and protons
present in the nucleus of an atom of an element.

with X = name of elements

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 ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS NUMBER, AND ISOTOPES
 Isotopes is atoms that have the same atomic number but
different mass numbers.
 e.g. isotope = Hydrogen have 3 isotope

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 EXERCISE:
1.

2. Compare the properties of the following : protons,

neutrons, and electrons.
3. Describe about the Dalton’s Atomic Theory complete with
example.
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 EXERCISE:
4. Indicate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
in each of the following species:

5. For each of the following species, determine the

number of protons and the number of neutrons in the
nucleus:

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 References:
Chang R., 2018, General Chemistry: The Essenstial Concepts,
10th Edition, Mc Graw Hill Hinger Education, Boston.

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 THANK YOU FOR YOU ATTENTION

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