BEHAVIOUR OF RC BEAMS UNDER FIRE

Under the guidance of Presented by:

Dr. Kranti Jain Nekkanti Uday Chand (MT19CIV007)
(Assistant Professor) Structural Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

National Institute Of Technology
Uttarakhand (India)
 
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CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION
II. OBJECTIVE
III. METHODOLOGY
IV. SPALLING AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
V. CONCLUSION
VI. REFRENCES

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 INTRODUCTION

• Concrete is one of the world’s most commonly used building material.

• Concrete has fairly good fire resistance.

• Fire impacts reinforced concrete members by raising the temperature of
the concrete mass.
• Increase in temperature cause spalling in the concrete.

• Spalling directly exposes Steel bars to fire.

• Increase in temperature of reinforcing steel causes decrease in its yield
strength.

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Spalling
Spalling of concrete is the breaking
and splitting of concrete element
surface layers due to high thermal
exposure. Fig 1:-Spalling of concrete

• The spalling of a structural member is dependent on following

factors:
– Permeability

– Moisture content
– Aggregate type
– Heating rate
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Fire resistance

• Fire resistance is defined as the ability of a structural element to

withstand its load-bearing capacity under fire conditions.
• The fire resistance of a structural member is dependent on following
factors:
– geometry
– load intensity
– materials used in construction
– Heating rate

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 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

• To study the spalling mechanism and the preventive measures.

• To study the effect of various factors which effects the fire resistance
of reinforced concrete beams.
• To study the techniques to increase the fire resistance of reinforced
concrete beams.

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 METHODOLOGY
Behaviour of RC beams under fire

Techniques to
Spalling mechanism & Factors effecting fire
increase fire
preventive measures resistance
resistance

Literature review Literature review Literature review

Types of spalling Study about factors such Study about different

mechanism as cover, dimensions, techniques
load level
Preventive measures
Comparison of different
Experimental study techniques
Experimental study

Conclusions Conclusions
Conclusions
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 Spalling mechanism
Three types of spalling:
i. Vapour pressure spalling.
ii. Thermal stress spalling.
iii. Thermo-chemical spalling.

Fig2:- i) Vapour pressure Fig3:-ii)Thermal stress

spalling spalling 8
[Ozawa and Morimoto,2014]
iii)Thermal chemical spalling

a) Sloughing-off spalling
b) Post-cooling spalling

Table1:- Solutions for preventing different types of thermal spalling

Spalling type
Vapour pressure spalling
Thermal stress spalling
Thermal chemical
spalling
Preventive measures
Add polypropylene(PP) fibres,
polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) fibres, jute
fibres, etc.
Use carbonate aggregate instead of
siliceous aggregate.
Adopt thermal barrier.
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[Jin-Cheng Liu et al, 2018 ]
Experimental study:

Fig5:-Experimental setup

Fig4:-Concrete specimen

Fig6:-Heating curve
[Ozawa and Morimoto,2014] 10
Experimental results:

Fig7:-Vapour pressure vs temperature graphs for various

fibers [Ozawa and Morimoto,2014]
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• Comparative fire behavior of reinforced reactive powder concrete
(NSC) and normal strength concrete (NSC) simply supported beams

Fig8:- Elevation view and positions of LVDTs and thermocouples in an RPC test beam
Table2:- Summary of test parameters and results

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[Xiaomeng Hou et al, 2019]
 Fig9:-Experimental setup

Fig10:- ISO834 standard fire curve

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[Xiaomeng Hou et al, 2019]
 Comparison of measured furnace temperatures
of all tests with ISO834 standard fire curve
Fig11:-Mid-span deflection-time curves

Fig12:-Finite element model

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[Xiaomeng Hou et al, 2019]
Fig13:-Comparison of the time-temperature curves at the same cross-sectional
location between beams RPCL-1 and NSCL-1

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Fig14:-Comparison of the mid-span deflection–time curves
between RPC and NSC beams.

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[Xiaomeng Hou et al, 2019]
Fig15:-Comparison of the fire resistance between RPC and NSC beams

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[Xiaomeng Hou et al, 2019]
• Effect of Loading and Beam Sizes on the Structural Behaviors of Reinforced
Concrete Beams Under and After Fire
Table3:- List of specimens

Fig16:- Set-up and detail of thermocouples and LVDT (unit: mm)

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[Eunmi Ryu et al, 2019]
Fig17:-Deflections of specimens during fire tests Compared with different load
level and different cross-sectional size.

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[Eunmi Ryu et al, 2019]
Fig18:-Load-deflection curves for specimens of S series , M series and L series.
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[Eunmi Ryu et al, 2019]
• A high temperature has a significant influence on the ductility of the concrete
beams.
• The ductility can be defined as the ability of the fire damaged beams to sustain
large deformations before reaching failure.
• Ductility index
= midspan deflection at the ultimate beam load
= midspan deflection at the yielding load of the tensile rebar.
Table4:- Deflection ductility index of beams.

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[Eunmi Ryu et al, 2019]
 • The performance of NSM CFRP and EB CFRP strengthened RC beam in fire

Table5:- Specimen characteristics

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[Yu Jiangtao et al, 2019]
 Fig19:-Cross section, protection form and strengthening details of RC beams.

• The CFRP strip had elastic modulus of 1.51×105 MPa, the ultimate tensile
strength of 2230 Mpa .
• The CFRP sheet had the elastic modulus of 2.48×105 MPa and the rupture
strength of 3831 Mpa . [Yu Jiangtao et al, 2019]
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 Fig20:- Heating and loading regimes in the fire test.

• Failure criterion to judge the fire resistance for all the specimens tested in fire.
• The critical deflection at the mid-span D=L2/ (400d) or beam cannot bear the
applied load.

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[Yu Jiangtao et al, 2019]
Fig21:-The deflections at mid-span vs fire exposure time

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[Yu Jiangtao et al, 2019]
Fig22:-Developments of CFRP slip with the deflection and adhesive temperature increasing
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[Yu Jiangtao et al, 2019]
 CONCLUSIONS
• Concrete specimens with jute, water soluble polyvinyl alcohol(WSPVA),
polypropylene(PP) fibres gives better results in spalling. PP fibres shows very less
vapour pressure. So PP fibres is better preventive measure for spalling.
• Temperature distribution in reactive powder concrete(RPC) beams is more fast than
normal strength concrete(NSC) beams. So RPC beams exhibit lower fire resistance
than NSC beams.
• The ductility decreases as the load or time exposed to fire increase. Regarding
different cross-sectional sizes, the ductility of the beams are improved as the size of
the cross section increases. The beam with a larger cross-sectional size is more
resistant to fire in terms of the maximum load as well as ductility
• The well-protected RC beam strengthened with NSM-CFRP resisted the standard fire
for more than 3 h at a high load level, while beams with EB-CFRP resisted the fire
around 70 min under same conditions. So beams with NSM-CFRP better technique to
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improve fire resistance.
 REFERENCES
1. Jin-Cheng Liu , Kang Hai Tan, et al. “A new perspective on nature of fire-induced
spalling in concrete”. Construction and Building Materials 184 (2018) 581–590.

2. Mitsuo Ozawa, Hiroaki Morimoto. “Effect of various fibers on high temperature spalling
in high performance concrete”. Construction and Building Materials 71(2014) 83–92.

3. Xiaomeng Hou, Pengfei Ren, et al. “ Comparative fire behavior of reinforced RPC and
NSC simply supported beams”. Engineering Structure 185 (2019):122-140.

4. Eunmi Ryu, Yeongsoo Shin, et al. “Effect of Loading and Beam Sizes on the Structural
Behaviors of Reinforced Concrete Beams Under and After Fire”. International Journal of
Concrete Structures and Materials (2018).

5. Yu Jiangtao, Wang Yichao, et al. “The performance of near-surface mounted CFRP

strengthened RC beam in fire”. Fire Safety Journal 90 (2017) 86–94.

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