Subject:Industrial Safety Health

&Environment .
Subject Instructor:MS Chandrakala .M

Prepared by :
Name-Shyam Tanna.
Reg.no-18103093
Dept.-Aerospace.
 Radiation hazard

What is Radiation ?
Radiation is energy in the process of being transmitted, which may
take such forms as light, or tiny particles much too small to see. Visible light,
the ultra-violet light we receive from the sun and from sun-beds, and
transmission signals for TV and radio communications are all forms of radiation
that are common in our daily lives.
Nuclear radiation arises from hundreds of different kinds of unstable
atoms.While many exist in nature, the majority are created in nuclear reactions.
Ionizing radiation which can damage living tissue is emitted as the unstable atoms
(radionuclides) change ('decay') spontaneously to become different kinds of atoms.
 TYPES OF RADIATION

Alpha particles Radiation

Beta particles Radiation

Gamma rays Radiation

X-Ray Radiation

Neutrons
 Cosmic radiation:
The global yearly average dose is 0.39 millisieverts
Earth's Crust:
The global yearly average is 0.46 millisieverts.
Radon is a naturally radioactive gas that comes from the uranium that is widespread in the
earth's crust.
The global yearly average dose is 1.3 millisieverts.
Food and Drink
The global yearly average dose of 0.23 millisievert
Medical
The global yearly average dose is 0.3 millisieverts.
Environmental Radiation
Nuclear and other industries
The nuclear power industry
For the public the global yearly average dose is 0.008 millisieverts.
Impurity
Impurity production, that is transmutation of nuclei into other nuclei which
themselves may be radioactive; this mechanism is caused by neutrons through fission and-
activation (capture).Impurities can also be deposited from the creation of hydrogen or helium
when a proton or an alpha particle, respectively, becomes neutralised in the material of
passage.
Ionization
That is, the removal of electrons from atoms in the material and the formation of
ion pairs in the path of the charged particles.Large Energy Release in a small volume, which
can result in thermal heating of the material. This may be especially important ithose cases
where the material is a radiation shield.
 Metals, Alloys, and Metal-to-Metal Bonds
The principal effect of radiation on metals and alloys is the creation of
lattice vacancies and interstitial atoms in an otherwise perfect
crystal.This results in an overall dilation that decreases the density of the
material. Neutron irradiation produces significant quantities of helium
and hydrogen in beryllium, with the result that the metal decreases in
density.
➤ INAEA
➤ According to The International Atomic Energy Agency (INAEA), nuclear and radiation
accident/ disaster is defined as “An event that has led to significant consequences to people,
the environment or the facility.” Whether accidental or planned.
1-Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – World War II, 1945
2-Fukushima Disaster – March 11, 2011
3-Chernobyl Disaster – April 26, 1986
4 - Mayak Nuclear Plant – September 29, 1957
5-Soviet Submarine K-431 Accident –August 10, 1985