Overview of

Telecommunication
Networks

1
 Objectives

In this chapter, we will learn to:

 Describe the growth of telecommunications
technology since the early 20th century
 Basic description of wired telecom network.
 Concepts of local and Trunk Networks
 Call routing
 Functions of a typical Telephone Exchange.
 conclusion

2
Evolution of Telecom Technology
 Today’s telecommunication technologies have
evolved from the earliest smoke signals to almost
instant global transmission of large amounts of
data.

3
 Early Signaling and Telegraphy

 Semaphore - a type of signaling, in which visual cues

represent letters or words.
 Morse code - the transmission of a series of short and
long pulses (dots and dashes) that represented
characters.
 Duplexing - simultaneously transmitting a signal in
both directions along the same wire.
 Multiplexing - simultaneously transmitting of an
indeterminate number of multiple signals over one
circuit.
 1856 - Western Union Telegraph Company was
founded.
4
 Early Signaling and Telegraphy

 1861 – Over two thousand telegraph offices operated across

the United States.

5
Telephony Technology

6
Telephony Technology

7
Evolution Of Telephone exchanges
1.Manual Exchange
2.Automatic Exchange:
Ex: Cross bar exchange.
3.Electronic Exchange

8
1) Manual Exchange :
 In this generation, number dialing facility
in not available at the customer end. A
transmitter, receiver and the ringer
equipment is available at Customer premises.
 Call connectivity will be arranged
manually by an operator present in the
exchange.
9
 Manual Exchange Contd..
 The operator feeds the ringing supply from the
exchange to the calling customer for giving
call alert.
 After that the operator physically connects the
calling and the called parties.

10
Manual Exchanges Contd..

11
Manual Exchanges Contd..

12
13
 Automatic Exchanges
 In this generation, complete automatic call
connectivity was invented .
 Selectors in crossbar exchanges have
horizontal and vertical bars (like matrix)
operated by electromagnetic relay coils, so
that the contacts at a particular point in a
matrix may be operated under the control of
these relays

14
Cross bar Exchange switching

15
Automatic Exchanges Contd..

16
 Electronic Exchange
 With the invention of electronic exchanges the
practical difficulties with the automatic
exchanges were solved.
 The customer was provided with lot of
advanced features.

17
Electronic Exchange Contd..

18
Electronic Exchange Contd..

19
Electronic Exchange Contd..

20
Chronological Development of Electronic
Exchanges

1965 No.1 ESS Local Bell labs,USA

1973 Metaconta Local LMT,France
1975 Proteo Local Proteo,Italy
&Transit
1976 No.4 ESS Transit Bell labs,USA
1978 AXE Local Ericsson,Swede
n
1981 E-10B Local& CIT,ALCATEL
Transit ,FRANCE
1984 CDOT Local&Transi ECIL,ITI
t
1990 EWSD Local&Transi Seimens,
t Germany 21
 Digital Exchange Capacities
MODE CAPACI CAPACI TRAFFIC BHCA
L TY TY EARLAN
LINES TRUNKS GS
(IN 1000) (IN 1000)
CDOT 40 6 7500 800000
E-10B 45 5 4000 190000
AXE10 64 60 26000 800000
OCB28 200 60 25000 800000
3
EWSD 250 60 25200 100000
0
5ESS 250 60 26000 100000
0
FETEX 240 60 24000 180000 22
Basic Diagram for Telephone Exchange

E/A

Switch MDF Extnl.

Power Plant Room plant

Battery-A OMC

Battery-B

23
 We can broadly classify any telecom network as three
parts.
1) Access Network : It is the one which connects the CPE
( Customer premises Equipment) to the Switching
Location.
Eg: Copper wire,Microwave,OFC.
2) Switching network : It is the location of the switching
station.
Eg:Telephone Exchange, MSC etc.
3) Core Network : Different switching networks will be
combined to form a Core network.
24
25
Layout of Wired Telephone Network

26
MDF (Main Distribution Frame )

27
 External Plant of an Exchange
 MDF is starting location from which the UG
cable will be arranged to the customers.
 MDF will serve the testing purpose. MDF can
separated as two parts.
LINE SIDE
and
EXCHANGE SIDE

28
 PILLARS

 PILLARs are the intermediate testing boxes

where the primary and distribution cable
terminates.
 U/G cables that connect the MDF and pillars are
called as Primary cables.
 U/G cables that connect the pillar and the DPs
(Distribution Point) in that pillar area are called as
Distribution cables.
29
Photographs of a Pillar and DP

30
 DP (Distribution Point)
 A DP’s capacity can be 5,10,20 or 50 pairs.
 Each DP is given with a 4 digit number, in
which the first 2 digits indicate the pillar
number, in which that DP is working.
 Through a Drop wire ,the connection is
extended into customer premises from the
distribution point.

31
Types of Telephone Calls
 Local Call(Intra exchange call): Origination and
Destination subscribers are in same exchange
 Outgoing Call: Destination Subscriber is outside the
exchange
 Incoming Call: Origination Subscribers is outside the
exchange
 Transit Call: Both subscribers are outside the exchange

32
33
Telephone Calls Contd..

34
Local & Trunk Calls
 A local call is the one, if the calling and called
subscribers are within the same SDCA.
 Inter SDCA calls are called as Trunk
calls,which generally pass through the TAX
exchange.

35
Thank You

36