PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

SOURCES
 • LOUIS GOTTSCHALK- HISTORY CAME FROM
THE GREEK WORD “IOTOPIA” MEANING
LEARNING.
• ARISTOTLE- COULDN’T DISTINGUISH ITS
DIFFERENCE FROM THE WORD “SCIENTIA”.
GENERAL DEFINITIONS:

DEFINITION OF • DEFINED AS A SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF A SET

OF NATURAL PHENOMENA.
HISTORY • BRANCH OF KNOWLEDGE THAT DEALS WITH
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE
PAST HAVING A CONTINUOUS, SYSTEMATIC
NARRATIVE OF EVENTS AS RELATING TO A
PARTICULAR PEOPLE, COUNTRY, PERIOD,
PERSON USUALLY WRITTEN AS A
CHRONOLOGICAL ACCOUNT.
• HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF.
 • HELPS TO UNDERSTAND PEOPLE
AND SOCIETIES.
• CONTRIBUTES TO MORAL
WHY STUDY KNOWLEDGE.
HISTORY • PROVIDES IDENTITY.
• ESSENTIAL FOR GOOD
CITIZENSHIP.
 • IT PROVIDES AND CONTAINS DIRECT
OR FIRSTHAND EVIDENCE ABOUT AN
EVENT, OBJECT, PERSON, OR WORK OF
ART.
• THESE ARE THE THINGS THAT WERE
PRIMARY CREATED OR/IN USE DURING THE
PERIOD WHICH IS BEING STUDIED.
SOURCES • IT PROVIDES COMPELLING AND
DIRECT EVIDENCE OF HUMAN
ACTIVITY.
• THESE SOURCES ARE ACTUAL
RECORDS THAT HAVE SURVIVED
FROM THE PAST.
 AUTOBIOGRAPHY PHOTOGRAPHS
MEMOIRS SPEECHES
EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS VIDEOS
EXAMPLES
LEGAL DOCUMENTS DIARY
FOSSILS ORNAMENTS
RELICS CLOTHING
LETTERS TOOLS
 • THESE ARE SOURCES OF HISTORICAL
DATA WHICH ARE CREATED LATER OR
AFTER THE HISTORICAL EVENT WHICH
IS BEING STUDIED AND PROVIDED BY
THE PEOPLE WHO WERE NOT PRESENT
ON THAT EVENT
SECONDARY • THESE ARE USUALLY CREATED BY
SOURCES HISTORIANS AND SCHOLASTIC WRITERS
BASED ON THEIR INTERPRETATIONS OF
THE PRIMARY SOURCES.
• IT DESCRIBES, DISCUSS, INTERPRET,
COMMENT UPON, ANALYZE, EVALUATE,
SUMMARIZE, AND PROCESS PRIMARY
SOURCE
 • BIOGRAPHY MOVIES
• ENCYCLOPEDIA NEWS REPORTS
• TEXTBOOKSNEWS ARTICLES
EXAMPLES • THESIS TRANSCRIPTIONS
• DISSERTATIONS ALMANACS
• INTERVIEWS DICTIONARY
• SCHOLARLY JOURNALS
 • THE PROBLEM OF FORGED DOCUMENTS IS
ONE OF THE GREATEST OBSTACLES FOR
HISTORIANS. THEY NEED TO SECURE
THEMSELVES AND PROTECT THEIR
RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORICAL EVENTS
BASING FROM FORGED DOCUMENTS, THEY
AUTHENTICITY MUST BE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH HOAX
FROM GENUINE DOCUMENTS.
OF
• MISLEADING DOCUMENTS ARE USUALLY
DOCUMENTS CREATED BECAUSE OF THE FOLLOWING
REASONS:
• TO BOLSTER A FALSE CLAIM
• TO SALE COUNTERFEITED DOCUMENTS
• TO PROMOTE POLITICAL PROPAGANDA
• TO DO PRACTICAL JOKES
 • IT LOOKS WITHIN THE DATA
ITSELF TO TRY TO DETERMINE
THE TRUTH AND FACTS AND ITS
INTERNAL REASONABLE INTERPRETATIONS
CRITICISM • IT INCLUDES LOOKING AT THE
APPARENT OR POSSIBLE
MOTIVES OF THE PERSON
PROVIDING THE DATA
 • FOCUSES ON UNDERSTANDING
THE SUBSTANCE AND MESSAGE
THAT THE HISTORICAL MATERIAL
WANTS TO CONVEY BY
EXAMINING HOW THE AUTHOR
EXTERNAL FRAMED THE INTENT AND
MEANING OF A COMPOSED
CRITICISMS MATERIAL.
• INDICATES THE ACCURACY AND
TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE
MATERIALS TO WHICH
HISTORICAL DATA WILL BE BASED.
 1. CONTENT: RESEARCHERS MUST
IDENTIFY MAIN IDEA A CERTAIN
6 C’S THAT DOCUMENT OR IMAGE ARE TRYING
GUIDE TO TO CONVEY.
2. CITATION: IDENTIFYING THE
EFFECTIVELY RELIABILITY AND ACCURACY OF
ANALYZE THE CREATOR/AUTHOR AND THE
PRIMARY TIME IT IS CREATED.
3. COMMUNICATION: IDENTIFYING
SOURCES THE BIASES OF THE AUTHOR.
• BIAS IS A PREJUDICE OR A TENDENCY TO
SEE SOMETHING IN A PARTICULAR WAY.
E.G. AUTHOR’S POINT OF VIEW
 4. CONTEXT: UNDERSTANDING WHAT
6 C’S THAT IS GOING ON IN THE WORLD,
COUNTRY, REGION, OR LOCALITY
GUIDE TO WHEN THE DOCUMENT IS CREATED.
EFFECTIVELY 5. CONNECTIONS: RECOGNIZING AND
ANALYZE RELATING PRIMARY SOURCES/NEWLY
ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE TO PRIOR
PRIMARY KNOWLEDGE
SOURCES 6. CONCLUSIONS: DETERMINING THE
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PRIMARY
SOURCE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF
HISTORY
 • WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA OF THE
DOCUMENT? (CONTENT)
• WHO WAS THE AUTHOR/CREATOR?
(CITATION)
• WHAT IS THE IDEA THE AUTHOR
GUIDE TRYING TO CONVEY?
(COMMUNICATION)
QUESTIONS • WHAT WAS HAPPENING WHEN THE
DOCUMENT WAS WRITTEN? (CONTEXT)
• WHAT IS YOUR NEWLY ACQUIRED
KNOWLEDGE? (CONNECTION)
• HOW DID IT CONTRIBUTE TO HISTORY?
(CONCLUSION)
 POINT OF VIEW REFERS TO
PERSPECTIVE OF THE
AUTHOR TOWARD A
PARTICULAR PERSON OR
ISSUE/ISSUES THAT HAS BEEN
POINT OF VIEW
SHAPED OVER A PERIOD DUE
TO HIS/HER EXPERIENCES,
MOTIVES, BELIEF, ORIGIN,
AGE, GENDER, SOCIAL
STATUS, AND IDEOLOGY.
 AO-WAT, J. [ET AL.] (2019). READINGS IN THE
PHILIPPINE HISTORY: AN INTRODUCTION VER.4.0.
BULACAN, PHILIPPINES: ST. ANDREWS PUBLISHING
HOUSE.
BLAIR, EMMA. (2004). THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493-
1898, V7, 1588-1591. RETRIEVED FROM:
HTTPS://WWW.GUTENBERG.ORG/FILES/13701/13701-H/1
REFERENCES: 3701-H.HTM
OLENA, ABBY. (2020). TRIALS SEEK TO ANSWER IF
VITAMIN D COULD HELP IN COVID-19. RETRIEVED
FROM:
HTTPS://WWW.THE-SCIENTIST.COM/NEWS-OPINION/TR
IALS-SEEK-TO-ANSWER-IF-VITAMIN-D-COULD-HELP-I
N-COVID-19-67817
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=G7SSZSVLB5
S