Selection of materials for

temperature resistance
by:
Omar Rojas Romero
Juan Hernandez Rueda
Juliana Diaz Barragan

Subject: Materials engineering Teacher: Christian Zea Forero

 Metals
Generalities of metals:

● The resistance to high temperatures depends on both the deformation rate and
the exposure time.
● A metal subjected to a constant load at elevated temperatures will experience
creep.
● This creep is evident when comparisons are made in terms of tension,
temperature and time.
● The resistance of a metal at high temperatures is directly related to its melting
point, Tm.
 Creep curves

Taken from: Guide to engineered materials (page 22).

Taken from: Ensays industrial.pfd (page 3).
Creep resistant alloys

● The mechanisms used to increase creep resistance are similar to those used
to improve mechanical resistance at room temperature, such as solution
hardening and precipitation hardening.

● Examples include Ni-Cr alloys, with additions of Mo, Co and W, and Fe-Cr-Ni
alloys with additions of C, called superalloys.

● A previous cold work is useful to increase creep resistance

What metals to use

Ambient temperature at 150 °C (300 °F)

Lead is the only metal for industrial use that cannot be used above room
temperature. Even at room temperature suffers creep.

150 to 400 °C (300 to 750°F)

Magnesium alloys, including Mg-Re-Zr, Mg-Re-Zn-Zr, Mg-Th-Zr, and Mg-AI-Zn are
used at temperatures of 315 ° C (600 ° F).

575 to 650 °C (1.170 to 1.200 °F)

Oxidation resistance becomes an important factor along with creep resistance in
this temperature range.
650 to 1.000 °C (1.200 to 1.830 °F)
Three groups of alloys are used in this temperature range: austenitic steels without stains;
nickel-chromium and nickel-chromium-iron alloys and cobalt-based alloys.

1.000 °C (1.830 °F) and above

Refractory metals, tungsten, tantalum, niobium and molybdenum are commercially available;
however, they are used in stress-free and environmentally protected applications.
Polymers...
1. The thermal efficiency of a plastic or compound can be as important as the
resistance. Obviously, knowing the end-use temperature of a plastic is a major
concern when plastics will be used at elevated temperatures.

2. Almost all the properties of plastics, including mechanical, physical, electrical and
chemical, depend on temperature.

3. The temperature can be considered the last design parameter (apart from the
resistance) with regard to plastics. In many current applications, plastics and
composites must work in a wide range of temperatures.
Plastics and metals…
● Metals can withstand much higher temperatures, thousands of degrees,
while plastics have not yet reached the 1000 ° F (538 ° C) mark.
Aluminum melts at 1220 ° F (660 ° C); copper at 1980 ° F (1083 ° C);
under bon bon steel (1010), 2750 ° F (1510 ° C).
● Similar "ordered" or self-reinforcing polymers are under development in
the Air Force-ordered Polymer Research Program. Troduced liquid crystal
polymers are similar in structure to aramid fibers but are melt
processable.
● These new thermoplastics can be used at temperatures above 500 ° F
(260 ° C).
Recent developments in materials / applications:
● Thermostable polyimides are also receiving the demand for high
temperature graphite fiber compounds in the range of 500 to 550 ° F (260
to 288 ° C). Addition curing polyimides, such as PMR-15 developed at
NASA's Lewis Research Center, are receiving serious consideration for
aircraft components.
● Outside the car, the most heat-resistant plastic materials are intended for
defenses. Developed to resist 300 + F paint firing ovens, allowing plastic
parts to be painted in line with metal, these materials include amorphous
nylon, nylon / PPO and nylon / ABS alloys. With the same goal in mind,
suppliers have developed RIM (injection molding) materials without
urethane.
CERAMICS...
One of the virtues of ceramics is the ability to withstand high temperatures even at
3,000F that's 1650 ° C.

The temperature resistance of ceramics is limited by several thermal properties:

● Thermal conductivity
● Thermal expansion
● Resistance to thermal shock
● Creep resistance.
Thermal conductivity

ceramics tend to have a low thermal conductivity since

having high temperatures does not distribute heat very
well
Thermal expansion

Compared to oxides, silicon-based ceramics have a low

coefficient of expansion, which helps increase resistance
to thermal shock
Resistance to thermal shock

in ceramics the resistance to thermal shock depends on

both the type of material and the method of processing
Creep resistance.

Creep is a thermally activated process and can be divided into three types of
behavior.
● The primary drag begins at the moment of loading and decreases
continuously over time.
● Secondary creep in steady state remains constant as tension and time
increase.
● Finally tertiary creep increases rapidly just before the fracture