Solutions

LECTURE 5 Colligative Properties

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LECTURE 5 Colligative Properties
Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass

All these properties depend on the number of solute particles

irrespective of their nature relative to the total number of particles
present in the solution. Such properties are called colligative
properties

1. Lowering of the Vapour Pressure

2. Elevation of the Boiling Point

3. Depression of the Freezing Point

4. Osmotic Pressure
Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids
Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

Raoult’s law in its general form can be stated as, for any solution
the partial vapour pressure of each volatile component in the
solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
Measurement Of Lowering Of Vapour Pressure

1. Barometric Method

2. Manometric Method
Measurement Of Lowering Of Vapour Pressure

3. Ostwald and Walker Dynamic Method

Example 50g non volatile solute is dissolved in 90g of water. The vapour
pressure of pure water is 20 mm Hg and of solution is 19mm of Hg.
What is molar mass of solute.

A. 200
B. 190
C. 50
D. 18
E. None of these
Colligative Properties - Boiling Point

Boiling Point: The temperature at which the vapour pressure of the

system becomes equal to the external pressure is termed the boiling
point. It changes with external pressure.

Normal Boiling Point: The temperature at which the vapour pressure of

the system becomes equal to one atmosphere is termed the Normal
boiling point. It is a constant for each substance.

Standard Boiling Point: The temperature at which the vapour pressure

of the system becomes equal to one Bar is termed the Standard
boiling point. It is a constant for each substance. It is slightly lower
than Normal Boiling point.
Variation of Vapour pressure with Temperature

Clausius Clapeyron Equation

Colligative Properties

Boiling Point Elevation by a Non-Volatile Solute

Colligative Properties

Boiling Point Elevation by a Non-Volatile Solute

Elevation of Boiling Point
Elevation of Boiling Point
Elevation of Boiling Point
Measurement Of Boiling point Elevation

1. Landsberger-Walker Method
Measurement of boiling point Elevation

2. Cottrell’s Method
Example Kb for water = 0.52. Calculate the boiling point of 0.25 molar urea
solution in water at 1 atm.

A. 0.13°C
B. 273.13°C
C. 373.13°C
D. 100°C
E. None of these
Depression of Freezing Point

Freezing or Melting Point: The temperature at which the solid and

liquid state of a substance exist in equilibrium with each other. The
conversion of solid to liquid is balanced by the conversion of liquid to
the solid.

At freezing point the vapour pressure of the solid becomes equal to

the liquid.
Depression of Freezing Point
Colligative Properties

Freezing point depression by a Non-Volatile Solute

Determination of Molecular Weight from Depression of Freezing point
Molal Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression Constants for Some Solvents
Measurement Of Freezing point Depression

1. Beckmann’s Method (1903)

Measurement Of Freezing Point Depression

2. Rast’s Camphor Method

Yesterday’s DPP Discussion
Example 1. Van’t Hoff factor for 0.1 M ideal solution is

A. 0.1
B. 1
C. ∞
D. zero
Example 1. Van’t Hoff factor for 0.1 M ideal solution is 1 0.1

A. 0.1
B. 1
Answer : B - 1
C. ∞
D. zero
Example 2. The molal lowering of vapour pressure for water at 100 0C , is

A. 760 mm
B. 750 mm
C. 13.43 mm
D. 0.760 mm
Example 2. The molal lowering of vapour pressure for water at 100 0C , is

A. 760 mm
B. 750 mm
Answer : C- 13.43 mm
C. 13.43 mm
D. 0.760 mm
Example 3. 64 g non-volatile solute is added to 702 g benzene. The vapour pressure of
benzene has decreased from 200 mm of Hg to 180 mm of Hg. M.wt of the
solute is
A. 28
B. 64
C. 96
D. 256
Example 3. 64 g non-volatile solute is added to 702 g benzene. The vapour pressure of
benzene has decreased from 200 mm of Hg to 180 mm of Hg. M.wt of the
solute is

A. 28 Answer : B- 64
B. 64
C. 96
V.P. has decreased by 10%
D. 256 This happens only when 9 moles solvent & one
mole solute are present 702g benzene = 9 moles
64g = 1 mole
Example 4. 2 mole non-volatile solute is added to 1 kg water at -8oC. Kf of water 2K kg.
mole-1 mass of ice that separates out is (Ignoring the effect of change in
volume)
A. 250 g
B. 500 g
C. 750 g
D. 100 g
Example 4. 2 mole non-volatile solute is added to 1 kg water at -8oC. Kf of water 2K kg.
mole-1 mass of ice that separates out is (Ignoring the effect of change in
volume)

A. 250 g Answer : B-500 g

B. 500 g
C. 750 g
For no freezing to take place at - 80C, 4
D. 100 g moles solute should be added to 1kg water
but, since 2 mole solute only is available it
can stop the freezing of 500g water only.
500g ice is formed.
Example 5. Two liquids A and B have Po A and PoB in the ratio of 1 : 3. If the ratio of
number of moles of A and B are 1 : 3, the mole fraction of ‘A’ in vapour
phase in equilibrium with the solution is equal to

A. 0.1
B. 2 0.2
C. 3 0.5
D. 4 1.0
Example 5. Two liquids A and B have Po A and PoB in the ratio of 1 : 3. If the ratio of
number of moles of A and B are 1 : 3, the mole fraction of ‘A’ in vapour
phase in equilibrium with the solution is equal to

A. 0.1
Answer : A- 0.1
B. 2 0.2
C. 3 0.5
D. 4 1.0
Example 6. A 0.001 molal aqueous solution of a complex [MA 8] has the freezing
point of -0.0054oC. If the primary valency of the salt undergoes 100%
ionization and kf for water = 1.8 K molal-1 the correct representation of
complex is
A. [MA8]
B. [MA6]A2
C. [MA4]A4
D. [MA5]A3
Example 6. A 0.001 molal aqueous solution of a complex [MA 8] has the freezing
point of -0.0054oC. If the primary valency of the salt undergoes 100%
ionization and kf for water = 1.8 K molal-1 the correct representation of
complex is
Answer : B- [MA6]A2
A. [MA8]
B. [MA6]A2
C. [MA4]A4
D. [MA5]A3
Example 7. Suppose that the vapour (63% benzene, 37% toluene) is collected,
condensed to a liquid, and then allowed to evaporate so as to come into
equilibrium with its vapour. The composition of this new vapour is :
( Po benzene = 75 torr , Po toluene = 22 torr )

A. 80% benzene, 20% toluene

B. 85% benzene, 15% toluene
C. 63% benzene, 37% toluene
D. None of these
Example 7. Suppose that the vapour (63% benzene, 37% toluene) is collected,
condensed to a liquid, and then allowed to evaporate so as to come into
equilibrium with its vapour. The composition of this new vapour is :
( Po benzene = 75 torr , Po toluene = 22 torr )

Answer :
B- 85% benzene, 15% toluene
Example 8. A mixture of A and B, which are two miscible liquids, is distilled under
equilibrium conditions at atmospheric pressure. The mole fraction of A in
solution is 0.3 and in vapour phase is 0.6. If the solution behaves ideally
the ratio of p0 A to p0B is :

A. 4.0
B. 2.5
C. 3.5
D. 1.5
Example 8. A mixture of A and B, which are two miscible liquids, is distilled under
equilibrium conditions at atmospheric pressure. The mole fraction of A in
solution is 0.3 and in vapour phase is 0.6. If the solution behaves ideally
the ratio of p0 A to p0B is :
Answer : C - 3.5
Example 9. Two liquids A and B have Po A and Po B in the ratio of 1 : 3. If the ratio of
number of moles of A and B are 1 : 3, the mole fraction of ‘A’ in vapour
phase in equilibrium with the solution is equal to

A. 0.1
B. 0.2
C. 0.5
D. 1.0
Example 9. Two liquids A and B have Po A and Po B in the ratio of 1 : 3. If the ratio of
number of moles of A and B are 1 : 3, the mole fraction of ‘A’ in vapour
phase in equilibrium with the solution is equal to

A. 0.1 Answer : A - 0.1

B. 0.2
C. 0.5
D. 1.0
Example 10. 90 g non-volatile, non-dissociative solute is added to 1746 g water to
form a dilute, ideal solution. The vapour pressure of water has
decreased from 300 mm of Hg to 291 mm of Hg. The molecular weight
of solute is . . . ..

A. 90
B. 60
C. 30
D. 15
Example 10. 90 g non-volatile, non-dissociative solute is added to 1746 g water to
form a dilute, ideal solution. The vapour pressure of water has
decreased from 300 mm of Hg to 291 mm of Hg. The molecular weight
of solute is . . . ..

A. 90 Answer : C - 30
B. 60
C. 30 V.P. decreased by 3% )97 moles solvent & 3
D. 15 moles solute should be present. 1746g
water = 97 moles 90g solute = 3 moles
Molecular weight = 30.
DPP
Example 1. Benzene and toluene form an ideal solution. 3 mole benzene and
2 mole toulene are added. V.P. of pure benzene and toulene are
300 & 200 mm of Hg respectively. The V.P. of the solution is ——
—(in mm of Hg)

A. 500
B. 250
C. 260
D. 440
Example
2. Moles of Na2SO4 to be dissolved in 12 mole water to lower its
vapour pressure by 10 mm Hg at a temperature at which vapour
pressure of pure water is 50 mm is: (assuming 100% ionisation)

A. 1.5 mole
B. 2 mole
C. 1 mole
D. 3 mole
Example
3. Two liquids A and B are mixed at temperature T in a certain ratio to
form an ideal solution. It is found that the partial pressure of A, i.e.,
PA is equal to PB, the pressure of B for liquid mixture. What is the
total pressure of the liquid mixture in terms of P 0 A and P0B ?

A.

B.

C.

D.
Example
4. A solution containing 8 g of a carbohydrate in 100 g of water has
a density 1.025 g / ml and the osmotic pressure of the solution at
270C is 5 atm . The molar mass of the carbohydrate is

A. 387
B. 374
C. 3740
D. 480
Example
5. Kf of water is 2k kg.mole-1. 1mol CH3 COOH is added to 1kg water.
The freezing point of water has decreased by 3k. % ionization of
CH3COOH is

A. 10
B. 20
C. 40
D. 50
Example
6. Acetic acid dimerises in benzene due to hydrogen bond. One
mole acetic acid is added to 250 g benzene. K b of Benzene is 2K
kg.mole-1. The B.pt has increased by 6.4 k. % dimerisation of by
of acetic acid is
A. 20
B. 30
C. 40
D. 50
Example
7. An aqueous solution of 6.3 g oxalic acid dihydrate is made up to
250 ml. The volume of 0.1 N NaOH required to completely
neutralize 10 ml of this solution is

A. 40 ml
B. 20 ml
C. 10 ml
D. 4 ml
Example
8. The density of 3 M solution of NaCl is 1.25 g mL -1. The molality of
the solution is
A. 2.79 m
B. 1.79 m
C. 3.5 m
D. 5.58 m
Example
9. 12 ml of 0.25 N H2SO4 is neutralized with 15ml of sodium
hydroxide solution on titration, then the normality of NaOH
solution is
A. 0.4 N
B. 0.2 N
C. 0.1 N
D. 0.05 N
Example
10. Which one of these solution has the highest normality?

A. 8 gr KOH per 100 ml

B. 0.5M H2SO4
C. 6 gr of NaOH per 100 ml
D. 1 N H3PO4
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