Frequency Distribution Table

Frequency Distribution Table (Ungrouped

Data)
Frequency Distribution Table (Grouped Data)
Lower Class Limits
Lower Class Limits
Upper Class Limits
Class Boundaries
• are the numbers used to separate classes, but without the gaps
created by class limits

Class Boundaries
Class Midpoints
• The class mark or class midpoint is the respective average of each
class limits

Class Midpoints
Class Width
• is the difference between two consecutive lower class limits or two
consecutive class boundaries

Class Width
 Relative Frequency Table

𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
• 

𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦=
𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
Cumulative Frequency Table
Guidelines For Frequency Tables
•  Be sure that the classes are mutually exclusive.
• Include all classes, even if the frequency is zero.
• Try to use the same width for all classes. Odd numbered class widths
is recommended to easily find the midpoint.
• Select convenient numbers for class limits.
• Use between 5 to 20 classes ().
• Use the rule, where
• The sum of the class frequencies must equal the number of original
data values.
Constructing a Frequency Table
•  Decide on the number of classes, . Use the rule.
• Determine the class width by dividing the range by the number of classes
• Range = Highest score – lowest score (then round up the answer if not exact)
• Class Width = (round up if not exact)

• Determine the class width by dividing the range by the number of classes
• Add the class width to the starting point to get the second lower class limit,
add the width to the second lower limit to get the third, and so on.
• List the lower class limits in a vertical column and enter the upper class limits.
• Represent each score by a tally mark in the appropriate class. Total tally marks
to find the total frequency for each class.
• Compute the relative frequency or percentage frequency, and the less than
cumulative frequency (<cf) and the greater than cumulative frequency (>cf).
Constructing a Frequency Table
• Construct a FDT for the given data:
Complete Frequency Distribution Table
Activity
•• Construct
  a complete FDT with class width of 10 (use the rule to identify the number of classes).
• The following are the IQ scores of 60 student applicants in a certain high school
128 106 96 94 85 75
113 103 96 91 94 70
109 113 109 100 81 81
103 113 91 88 78 75
106 103 100 88 81 81
113 106 100 96 88 78
96 109 94 96 88 70
103 102 88 78 95 90
99 89 87 96 95 104
89 99 101 105 103 125
Histogram
• A frequency distribution shows how often each different value in a set
of data occurs. A histogram is the most commonly used graph to
show frequency distributions. It is similar to a vertical bar graph.
However, a histogram, unlike a vertical bar graph, shows no gaps
between the bars.
Ogive
• Cumulative histograms, also known as ogives, are graphs that can be
used to determine how many data values lie above or below a
particular value in a data set.
Pareto Diagram
• A Pareto diagram provides facts needed for setting priorities. It organizes
and displays information to show the relative importance of various
problems or causes of problems. It is a form of a vertical bar chart that
puts items in order (from the highest to the lowest) relative to some
measurable effect of interest: frequency, cost or time.

• The chart is based on the Pareto principle, which states that when several
factors affect a situation, a few factors will account for most of the
impact. The Pareto principle describes a phenomenon in which 80
percent of variation observed in everyday processes can be explained by a
mere 20 percent of the causes of that variation.
How to make a Pareto Diagram?
• Tally, for each item, how often it occurred (or cost or total time it
took). Then, add these amounts to determine the grand total for all
items. Find the percent of each item.
• Example:
How to make a Pareto Diagram?
• List the items being compared in decreasing order and compute for
the cumulative percentages.
How to make a Pareto Diagram?
• List the items on the horizontal axis of a graph from highest to lowest. Label the
left vertical axis with the numbers (frequency, time or cost), then label the right
vertical axis with the cumulative percentages (the cumulative total should equal
100 percent). Draw in the bars for each item.

• Draw a line graph of the cumulative percentages. The first point on the line graph
should line up with the top of the first bar. Excel offers simple charting tools you
can use to make your graphs, or you can do them with paper and pencil.

• Analyze the diagram by identifying those items that appear to account for most
of the difficulty. Follow the 80-20 rule.
How to make a Pareto Diagram?

80% 20%