4.

Appropriate Language Use

- Features of formal vs informal
speech

5. Planning and Organising a Speech

- Types of Organisational
Arrangement

Prepared by: Eng Jia Hui

 ge Use
4. Appropriate Langua

Features of
formal vs informal
speech
 Formal Informal

 Formality  Friendliness
 Politeness  Familiarity
 Respect
! Awkwardness ! Impoliteness
! Unfriendliness ! Disrespect
! Distance ! Aggressive
 First person
pronouns
Sentence
Phrasal structure
verbs &
Vocabulary
Features

Slang /
Colloquialisms Contractions
 Sentence structure & Vocabulary

Formal Informal

 Longer and more

complicated  Shorter and simpler

 Sophisticated  Simple and common

vocabulary words
It may well be necessary to contact him before
we make a decision. Formal

We should talk to him before we decide.

Informal

You are required to collect your belongings and

vacate the premises. Formal

You need to take your things and leave the

building. Informal
 Contractions

Formal Informal

 Contractions are Contractions are

avoided. commonly used.
 We are  We’re
 Are not  Aren’t
 Is not  Isn’t
 She is  She’s
 We would like to schedule another meeting in
October. Formal

We’d like to arrange another meeting in October.

Informal

Do not speak.
Formal

Don’t speak.
Informal
 Phrasal Verbs
Examples
• Get back (return)
• Keep up (maintain)
• Find out (discover)

• Embark on (begin)
• Adhere to (obey)
 Phrasal Verbs
Formal Informal

 Seldom make  Phrasal verbs are

use of phrasal commonly used in
verbs daily conversation
 The balloon was inflated for the experiment.
Formal

The balloon was blown up for the experiment.

Informal

Formal speech
The signing parties are obligated to adhere to
the terms and conditions of the contract.
 Slang / Colloquialisms
Examples
• Abuden (Obviously)
(Hokkien
Slang + English)
- A type of language consisting of words and
• Kena (To get caught/punished)
phrases that are very informal
(Malay)
- Typically restricted to a particular context /
• Gostan
group of people. (Reverse a vehicle)
( nautical term: "go astern“)
 Slang / Colloquialisms
Examples

 What’s up? (How are you doing?)

Colloquialisms
- Ya/Yeah
Informal words(Yes)
or phrases that are used in
 Gonna (Going conversation.
ordinary and familiar to)
We are going to sell the house.
Formal

We’re gonna sell the house.

Informal

Oh no! It is raining!
Formal

Alamak! It’s raining!

Informal
 First person pronouns
Formal Informal

First person /
 Third person
second person
point of view
point of view
 Impersonal
Direct
 Not specific
 Personal
Lesson need to be learnt from the mistakes
which were made. Formal
You need to learn from your mistakes.
Informal
 First person
pronouns
Sentence
Phrasal structure
verbs &
Vocabulary
Features

Slang /
Colloquialisms Contractions
 n d O rga ni s i ng a S p ee c h
5. Plan n in g a
 Types of
Organisational
Arrangement
Basic Speech Organization

 Introduction
Body
Conclusion
Basic Speech Organization

 Introduction
Body
Conclusion
Topical Chronological

Types of
Organisational
Arrangement

Cause
& Spatial
Effect
 Chronological

 Information follows a time sequence.

 Historical Events
 Demonstration Speech
 Spatial

 Information follows a directional pattern.

 North → South
 Top → Bottom
 Front → Back
 Left → Right
 Topical

 Information is arranged in logical way

Main points are broken down in a way that
is effective & make sense to the speaker’s
overall goal.
 Cause & Effect

 2 main points : - Cause

- Effect
Discussing cause of an event
Followed by effect of the event
Topical Chronological

Types of
Organisational
Arrangement

Cause
& Spatial
Effect
THANK YOU!