VASCULARIZATION OF LOWER

AND UPPER EXTERMITES

ANATOMY:

 The upper extremity is composed of 64 bone and many

muscle . It consist the hand ,wrist, forearm, arm and
shoulder girdle.
 However the lower extremity is composed 30 bone and
also many muscle. It consist of pelvis ,thigh , leg and foot.
Vascularization of the body:

 The heart :is a hollow muscular organ that pumps the

blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic
contraction and dilation to all the body organs . Therefore ,
the blood will be pumped from the heart to the limbs.
AORTA:

 The aorta is the main artery in the human body

,originating from the left ventricle of the heart and
extending down to the abdomen , where it splits into two
smaller arteries .The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to
all parts of the body through the systemic circulation . It is
divided into ascending aorta ,aortic arch and descending
aorta.
 The aortic arch has three major branches: brachiocephalic artery
,left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery .The
brachiocephalic artery divide into right subclavian artery and right
carotid artery
 ARTERIES OF THE UPPER LIMB :

 The blood to the upper limb is supplied by 4 major arteries: axillary, brachial, radial, and ulnar. The
subclavian artery is followed by the axillary. Its name is changed to brachial artery at the lower
border of the teres major muscle. The brachial artery continues down the arm and just distal to the
elbow joint, it splits into radial and ulnar arteries, which follow the bones, following which they are
named. Radial artery ends by forming the deep palmar arch in the hand, and ulnar artery terminates
by creating the superficial palmar arch.
 Branches of the axillary artery: HoTeL SPA
 H:hiatus thoracic artery or internal thoracic artery
 T:thoracoacromial artery that has 4 branches.
 APCD where A stead for : acromial , P for : pectoral ,C : clavicular and D : deltoid
 S:subscapular artery
 P and A: posterior and anterior circumflex humeral
The major superficial vein are the cephalic and basilica veins, they are
located within the subcutaneous tissue of the upper limb .
 The basilic vein originates from the dorsal venous network of the hand. It ascends the
medial aspect of the upper limb. At the border of the teres major, the vein moves deep into
the arm. Here, it combines with the brachial veins to form the axillary vein.

 The cephalic vein arises from the dorsal venous network of the hand. It ascends the antero-
lateral aspect of the upper limb, passing anteriorly at the elbow. At the shoulder, the
cephalic vein travels between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles (known as the
deltopectoral groove), and enters the axilla region via the clavipectoral triangle. Within the
axilla, the cephalic vein terminates by joining the axillary vein.

 At the elbow, the cephalic and basilic veins are connected by the median cubital vein.
 The deep veins of the upper limb are situated underneath the deep fascia.

 They are paired veins that accompany and lie either side of an artery. The brachial veins
are the largest in size, and are situated either side of the brachial artery. The pulsations of
the brachial artery assist the venous return. Veins that are structured in this way are known
as vena comitantes.

 Perforating veins run between the deep and superficial veins of the upper limb, connecting
the two systems.
Arteries of the lower extremity:

 The arterial supply of the lower limbs is via vessels arising from the external iliac artery.

 The common femoral artery (CFA) is the direct continuation of the external iliac artery. It begins at the level of the
inguinal ligament. It terminates as it gives off the profunda femoris and continues as the superficial femoral artery (SFA).

 The popliteal artery is the direct continuation of the SFA in the adductor canal. The popliteal artery terminates into the
anterior tibial artery and the tibioperoneal trunk.

 The anterior tibial artery passes through the interosseous membrane to reach the anterior compartment of the leg. It
continues to the dorsum of the foot as the dorsalis pedis artery.

 The tibioperoneal trunk divides into the posterior tibial and peroneal arteries. The posterior tibial artery passes
downwards and behind the medial malleolus. It divides into medial and lateral plantar arteries.
Veins of the lower extremity :
 The lower limb consists of two main types of veins:

 Superficial veins
 Deep veins
 The superficial veins are located within the subcutaneous tissue whilst the deep veins are
found deep to the deep fascia. The deep veins accompany the major arteries and their
branches and are usually paired.
Superficial veins are:
Long Saphenous Vein
Short Saphenous Vein
Deep veins are:
The dorsal venous arch, anterior tibial vein, medial and lateral plantar veins that
combine to form the posterior tibial and fibular veins . Popliteal vein that is the unite
of the anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular veins . However ,once the popliteal
vein has entered the thigh, it is known as the femoral vein it leaves the thigh by
running underneath the inguinal ligament, at which point it is known as the external
iliac vein.
Gluteal region is drained by inferior and superior gluteal veins. These empty into the
internal iliac vein.
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Done by : batoul khashab