L1 - Human Body

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Eight Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Human Body – An Orientation
• Anatomy – study of the structure and

shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and
its parts work or function
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.1
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Figure 1.1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.2a
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.2b
LEVELS OF
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
• Chemical: atoms and molecules

• Cellular: cells and their organelles
• Tissue: groups of similar cells
• Organ: contains two or more types of
tissues
• Organ system: organs that work closely
together
• Organismal: all organ systems
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Erythrocytes
Fibroblasts
Epithelial cells
(a) Cells that connect body parts,
Nerve cell
form linings, or transport gases
Skeletal (e) Cell that gathers information

Smooth
Muscle and control body functions
muscle cells
cell
(b) Cells that move organs and

Sperm
body parts Macrophage (f) Cell of reproduction
Fat cell
(c) Cell that stores (d) Cell that

nutrients fights disease
Figure 3.1
Organ System Overview
• Integumentary
• Forms the external
body covering/skin
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
(pain, pressure)nerve
receptors Figure 1.2a
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
• Nervous
• Body fast-acting
control system
• Responds to
internal and external
change
• Activates muscles
and glands Figure 1.2d
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones/control
body activities:
1. Growth
2. Reproduction
3. Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart:
1. Oxygen
2. Carbon dioxide
3. Nutrients
4. Wastes
Figure 1.2f
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
(clean the blood)
• Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide
Figure 1.2h
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material
Figure 1.2i
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2k
Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain Boundaries- ‘outside’ remains
distinct from ‘inside’
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
• Metabolism – chemical reactions within

the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Slide
1.16a
• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
Slide
1.16b
Survival Needs
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
Slide
1.17a
Survival Needs
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature- 37◦C/98◦
- below : metabolic reaction ▼
- high : chemical reaction ▲, body
protein break down-death
• Atmospheric pressure must be
appropriate
Slide
1.17b
Homeostasis
• The body’s ability to maintain a stable
internal conditions, eventhough the
environment continuously changing = a
dynamic state of equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to sustain
life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance
in homeostasis resulting in disease
Maintaining Homeostasis
• The body communicates through neural

and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
• Sends information to control center
Slide
1.19a
Maintaining Homeostasis
• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effectors
• Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
Slide
1.19b
Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensity
• Works like a household thermostat
• Examples : heart rate, blood pressure,
breathing rate
Slide
1.20a
Feedback Mechanisms
• Positive Feedback
– Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
– In the body this occurs only in blood clotting
and child birth
The Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)

Body Landmarks
• Anterior
Figure 1.5a
Body Landmarks
• Posterior
Figure 1.5b
Body Planes
Figure 1.6
Body Cavities
Body cavities are spaces within the body that help
protect, separate & support internal organs. Bones,
muscles, & ligaments separate the various body cavities
from one another.
Major Body Cavities

• Dorsal body cavity
A- Cranial cavity: space inside the bony skull
B- Spinal cavity: from the cranial-vertebral column
• Ventral body cavity
A- Thoracic cavity: lungs, heart
B- Abdominopelvic cavity: stomach, liver, intestines
Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
Performance Objectives –
Did we learn this?
• Define Anatomy and Physiology.
• Describe the relationship between
structure and function.
• Define basic directional terms.
• Describe the anatomical position.
• Describe the major cavities of the body.
Performance Objectives
continued
• Describe the levels of organization of the
body and give major characteristics of
each level.
• List the organ systems.
• Define homeostasis and explain why it is
important.
• Describe the negative-feedback system
and the positive-feedback system and
their relationship to homeostasis.
Performance Objectives
continued
• Name and describe the three major
planes of the body or organ.
• Hint: Begin to study material now! Good
students often review a chapter over 20
times before taking exams! If uncertain
how to study, ask me for directions!
• Get help soon – if you need it! We want
you to be success!
ASSIGNMENT☺
1. Illustrate and labels each anatomical
positions of human body ; the organs, the
muscles, the bones.
2. Illustrate, labels and explain the functions
of the organs of; digestive system and
endocrine system.
SUBMISSION DATE 28 JANUARY 2008

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Anatomy – study of the structure and

• Chemical: atoms and molecules

Skeletal (e) Cell that gathers information

(b) Cells that move organs and

(c) Cell that stores (d) Cell that

• Metabolism – chemical reactions within

• The body communicates through neural

• Special terminology is used to prevent

Table 1.1 (cont)

Major Body Cavities

SUBMISSION DATE 28 JANUARY 2008

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