Ch01-The Human Body An Orientation

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Thirteenth Edition
Global Edition
Chapter 1
The Human Body:

An Orientation
Edited by ISD- Anatomy & Physiology

Faculty in September 2021
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Objectives
1. Define anatomy and physiology.

2. Explain how anatomy and physiology are
related.
3. Name the six levels of structural organization
that make up the human body, and explain how
they are related.
4. Name the organ systems of the body, and
briefly state the major functions of each system.
5. Identify and classify by organ system all organs
discussed.
Objectives
6. Describe the anatomical position.

7. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe
body directions, surfaces, and body planes.
8. Locate the major body cavities, describe their
structures, and list the chief organs in each
cavity.
9. Define homeostasis, and explain its
importance.
10.Define negative feedback, and describe its role
in maintaining homeostasis and normal body
function.
Anatomy
Anatomy
– Study of the structure and shape of the body
and its parts
– Observation is used to see sizes and

relationships of parts

• Gross Anatomy
– Large structures
– Easily observable
– Let’s look at an example of gross anatomy

using the digestive system organs

Figure 1.2i The Body’s Organ Systems

• Microscopic anatomy
– Structures are too small to be seen with the
naked eye
– Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a
microscope
– Let’s look at an example of microscopic

anatomy using a digestive system organ, the
stomach

Anatomy of the Stomach (1 of 2)

Anatomy of the Stomach (2 of 2)

Physiology
• Physiology: study of how the body and its parts
work or function
• Structure determines what functions can occur
• For example, the air sacs of the lungs have very
thin walls, a feature that enables them to
exchange gases and provide oxygen to the body

Levels of Structural Organization
• The human body exhibits many levels of
structural complexity.
• Six levels of structural organization
1. Atoms
2. Cells
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Organ systems
6. Organisms
Figure 1.1
Levels of
Structural
Organization

• Atoms: tiny building blocks of matter, combine to
form molecules (examples?)
• Cells: the smallest units of all living things. All

cells have some common structures and
functions, but individual cells vary widely in size,
shape, and their particular roles in the body.
• Tissues: consist of groups of similar cells that

have a common function.

• Organ: is a structure composed of two or more
tissue types that performs a specific function for
the body.
• Organ system: is a group of organs that work

together to accomplish a common purpose. There
are 11 organ systems in the human body.
• Organism: the 11 organ systems make up the

organism; which represents the highest level of
structural organization.

Organ System Overview
• Integumentary system
– Is the external covering of the
body (skin), including hair and
fingernails
– Waterproofs the body
– Cushions and protects deeper
tissue from injury
– Produces vitamin D with the help
of sunlight
– Excretes salts in perspiration
– Helps regulate body temperature
– Location of sensory receptors,
sweat and oil glands Figure 1.2a The Body’s Organ Systems

• Skeletal system
– Consists of bones,
cartilages, ligaments, and
joints
– Supports the body
– Provides muscle attachment
for movement
– Protects vital organs
– Site of blood cell formation
– Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b The Body’s Organ Systems

• Muscular system
– Skeletal muscles which
are attached to the bones
contract (or shorten)
– Produces movement of
bones
– Facial expression
– Movements such as walk,
jump, write and bend
– Maintains posture
– Produce heat
Figure 1.2c The Body’s Organ Systems

• Nervous system
– Fast-acting control system
– Consists of brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors
– Responds to internal and external
stimuli
– Sensory receptors detect changes
– Messages are sent to the central
nervous system
– Central nervous system assesses
information and activates effectors
(muscles and glands)
Figure 1.2d The Body’s Organ Systems

• Endocrine system
– Secretes chemical molecules, called hormones,
into the blood
– Body functions controlled by hormones include:
▪ Growth
▪ Reproduction
▪ Use of nutrients

– Endocrine glands
include:
▪ Pituitary gland
▪ Thyroid and
parathyroids
▪ Adrenal glands
▪ Thymus
▪ Pancreas
▪ Pineal gland
▪ Ovaries (females)
and testes (males)
Figure 1.2e The Body’s Organ Systems

• Cardiovascular system
– Includes heart and blood
vessels
▪ Heart pumps blood
▪ Vessels transport blood to
tissues
– Blood transports Oxygen and
carbon dioxide, Nutrients and
Hormones
– Blood also contains white
blood cells and chemicals
that provide protection from
foreign invaders
Figure 1.2f The Body’s Organ Systems

• Lymphatic system
– Includes lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, and lymphoid
organs
– Complements the
cardiovascular system by
returning leaked fluids back
to bloodstream
– Lymph nodes and other
lymphoid organs cleanse
the blood
– Houses white blood cells,
which are involved in
immunity Figure 1.2g The Body’s Organ Systems
• Respiratory system
– Includes the nasal
passages, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi,
and lungs
– Gases are exchanged
with the blood through
air sacs in the lungs
▪ Supplies the body
with oxygen
▪ Removes carbon
dioxide
Figure 1.2h The Body’s Organ Systems
• Digestive system
– Includes the oral cavity
(mouth), esophagus,
stomach, small and large
intestines, rectum, and
accessory organs
– Breaks down food
– Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
– Eliminates indigestible
material as feces
Figure 1.2i The Body’s Organ Systems

• Urinary system
– Includes the kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder,
and urethra
– Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
– Maintains acid-base
balance
– Regulates water and
electrolyte balance
– Helps regulate normal
blood pressure
Figure 1.2j The Body’s Organ Systems

• Reproductive system
– For males, includes the testes, scrotum,
penis, accessory glands, and duct system
▪ Testes produce sperm
▪ Duct system carries sperm to exterior
– For females, includes the ovaries, uterine

tubes, uterus, and vagina
▪ Ovaries produce eggs
▪ Uterus provides site of development for
fetus

Figure 1.2k-l The Body’s Organ Systems

Figure 1.3 Examples of Interrelationships Among Organ
Systems That Illustrate Life Functions
Refer to
the book
page 30

The Language of Anatomy
• Anatomists use a set of terms that allow body

structures to be located and identified clearly with
just a few words.
• Exact terms are used for:

– Position
– Direction
– Regions
– Structures
• Anatomical position
– To avoid confusion, we
always assume that
the body is in a
standard body position
called anatomical
position (Stand erect,
feet parallel, arms
hanging at the sides
with palms facing
forward and thumbs
pointing away from
the body). Figure 1.4a The Anatomical
Position and Regional Terms
Directional Terms
• Directional terms explain location of one
body structure in relation to another
• Superior: toward the head or upper part of a
structure or the body; above
• Inferior: away from the head or toward the lower
part of a structure or the body; below
• Anterior (ventral): toward or at the front of the
body; in front of
• Posterior (dorsal): toward or at the backside of
the body; behind
• Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the
inner side of
• Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the
outer side of
• Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or the
point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk
• Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the
point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
• Superficial (external): toward or at the body
surface
• Deep (internal): away from the body surface;
more internal
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms
refer to the book p.34

Activity
review question 3
(book p. 43)

Body Planes and Sections
• Sections are cuts along imaginary lines known as planes
• Three types of planes or sections exist as right angles to
one another
• A sagittal section: divides the body (or organ) into left
and right parts. A median, or midsagittal section: divides
the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
• A frontal, or coronal section: divides the body (or organ)
into anterior and posterior parts
• A transverse, or cross section: divides the body (or
organ) into superior and inferior parts

Figure 1.5 The Planes of the Body—Median, Frontal, and
Transverse—With Corresponding M R I Scans

Body Cavities
• Two internal body cavities
– Dorsal
– Ventral
• Body cavities provide
varying degrees of
protection to organs within
them
Figure 1.6 Body Cavities

Dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions:
1. Cranial cavity: Houses the brain. Protected
by the skull
2. Spinal cavity: Houses the spinal cord.
Protected by the vertebrae
Ventral body cavity has two subdivisions

separated by the diaphragm:
1. Thoracic cavity
2. Abdominopelvic cavity

• Thoracic cavity
– Cavity superior to the
diaphragm
– Houses heart, lungs,
and other organs
– Mediastinum, the central
region, houses heart,
trachea, and other
organs
– Protected by the rib
cage

• Abdominopelvic cavity
– Cavity inferior to the diaphragm
– Superior abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, liver, and
other organs
▪ Protected only by trunk
muscles
– Inferior pelvic cavity contains
reproductive organs, bladder, and
rectum
▪ Protected somewhat by bony
pelvis
– No physical structure separates
abdominal from pelvic cavities
• Other body cavities include:
– Oral and digestive cavities
– Nasal cavity
– Orbital cavities
– Middle ear cavities

Homeostasis
• Homeostasis: maintenance of relatively stable
internal conditions
– A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance
– Necessary for normal body functioning and to
sustain life
• Main controlling systems:
– Nervous system
– Endocrine system
• Homeostatic imbalance: a disturbance in
homeostasis results in disease

Maintaining Homeostasis
• All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least
three components: receptor, control center, and
effector.
• Receptor
▪ Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
▪ Sends information to control center along an
afferent pathway

• Control center
– Determines set point
– Analyzes information
– Determines appropriate response
• Effector
– Provides a means for response to the stimulus
– Information flows from control center to effector
along efferent pathway

Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback
– Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
– Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its
intensity
– Works like a household thermostat

Figure 1.9 The Elements of a Homeostatic
Control System (Book P. 41)

Figure 1.9 The Elements of a Homeostatic
Control System

Feedback Mechanisms
• Positive feedback
– Rare in the human body
– Increases the original
stimulus to push the
variable farther
– Reaction occurs at a
faster rate
– In the body, positive
feedback occurs in
blood clotting and
during the birth of a
baby
Activity
review question 8
(book p. 44)

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

The Human Body:

Edited by ISD- Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

1. Define anatomy and physiology.

6. Describe the anatomical position.

– Observation is used to see sizes and

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

– Let’s look at an example of gross anatomy

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

– Let’s look at an example of microscopic

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

• Cells: the smallest units of all living things. All

• Tissues: consist of groups of similar cells that

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

• Organ system: is a group of organs that work

• Organism: the 11 organ systems make up the

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Figure 1.2b The Body’s Organ Systems

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

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Figure 1.2i The Body’s Organ Systems

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– For females, includes the ovaries, uterine

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

• Anatomists use a set of terms that allow body

• Exact terms are used for:

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Figure 1.6 Body Cavities

Ventral body cavity has two subdivisions

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

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