INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

lecture 1

Dr. Kweri joseph kariuki

The Human Body – An Orientation

• Anatomy – study of the structure and

shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and
its parts work or function

Slide 1.1
Subdivisions of anatomy
a) Gross anatomy= or macroscopic anatomy/
morphology/-topographic anatomy
b) Histology= or microscopic anatomy/
histomorphology
c) Embryology:- developmental anatomy
d) Radiological anatomy- this is the transition from
laboratory to the live anatomy in the ward set up.
NB> All this have Clinical correlates
.

• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily
observable
• Spatial
arrangement of
target organs
• Routes of drug
administration
Anatomy – Levels of Study

• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope

Figure 14.4
Slide 1.2b
Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1
Slide 1.3
Organ System Overview

• Integumentary
• Forms the external
body covering
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
Slide 1.4
Organ System Overview

• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b
Slide 1.5
Organ System Overview

• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat

Figure 1.2c
Slide 1.6
Organ System Overview

• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to
internal and external
change
• Activates muscles
and glands
Figure 1.2d
Slide 1.7
Organ System Overview

• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism

Figure 1.2e
Slide 1.8
Organ System Overview

• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Figure 1.2f
Slide 1.9
Organ System Overview

• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g
Slide 1.10
Organ System Overview

• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide

Figure 1.2h
Slide 1.11
Organ System Overview

• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material

Figure 1.2i
Slide 1.12
Organ System Overview

• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
Slide 1.13
Organ System Overview

• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring

Figure 1.2k

Slide 1.14
Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain Boundaries
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Slide 1.15
Necessary Life Functions

• Metabolism – chemical reactions within

the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Slide 1.16a
Necessary Life Functions

• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number

Slide 1.16b
 Survival Needs

• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions

Kweri joseph kariuki Slide 1.17a

Survival Needs

• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be
appropriate

Slide 1.17b
Homeostasis

• Maintenance of a stable internal

environment = a dynamic state of
equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to sustain
life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance
in homeostasis resulting in disease

Slide 1.18
Maintaining Homeostasis

• The body communicates through neural

and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
• Sends information to control center

Slide 1.19a
Maintaining Homeostasis

• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the
stimulus

Slide 1.19b
Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensity
• Works like a household thermostat

Slide 1.20a
Feedback Mechanisms
The Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures

Slide 1.21
Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1

Slide 1.22
Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (cont)

Slide 1.23
Body Landmarks

• Anterior

Figure 1.5a
Slide 1.24
Body Landmarks

• Posterior

Figure 1.5b
Slide 1.25
Body Planes

Figure 1.6
Slide 1.26
Body Cavities

Figure 1.7

Slide 1.27
 Performance Objectives –
Did we learn this?
• Define Anatomy and Physiology.
• Describe the relationship between structure and
function.
• Define basic directional terms.
• Describe the anatomical position.
• Describe the major cavities of the body.
 Performance Objectives
continued
• Describe the levels of organization of the body
and give major characteristics of each level.
• List the organ systems.
• Define homeostasis and explain why it is
important.
• Describe the negative-feedback system and the
positive-feedback system and their relationship
to homeostasis.
 Performance Objectives
continued
• Name and describe the three major planes of
the body or organ.
• Hint: Begin to study material now! Good
students often review a chapter over 20 times
before taking exams! If uncertain how to
study, ask me for directions of SAQs!
• Get help soon – if you need it! We want you to
be successful!