Homeostasis: The

Foundation of Physiology
Chapter 1
 Physiology

• Function of the body

• Relationship between
structure and function
• Tools
• Anatomy
• Chemistry
• Physics
Organization of the body

• External environment
• Air
• Lumen of body cavities
• Internal environment
• ECF
• Plasma
• Interstitial fluid
• ICF
Homeostasis

• Maintenance of the
internal environment in a
narrow range
• Fluid in which all cells are
bathed
• Consequence of being a
multicellular animal
• All cells are not in contact
with external environment
(nutrients, wastes, etc.)
Factors Homeostatically Regulated

• Nutrient molecules
• Critical molecules to life
• oxygen
• carbon dioxide
• waste products
• water
• salts and electrolytes
• pH
• Temperature
• Blood pressure
Homeostatic Control Systems

• Types
• Intrinsic (local)
• Inherent to an organ
• Muscle and O2 levels during exercise
• Extrinsic
• Outside of the organ
• Nervous
• Endocrine
Maintaining Homeostasis

• Feedback
• Responses made after a change has been
detected
• Types
• Negative
• Positive (rare)
• Feedforward
• Responses made in anticipation of a change
Negative Feedback

• Components of a Negative Feedback system (Fig

1.7)
• Sensor
• Monitors the magnitude of a controlled variable
• Control center
• Compares a sensor’s input with a set point
• Effector
• Makes a response to produce a desired effect