HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I

John ND Wurpel, M.S., Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences
wurpelj@stjohns.edu
Webex: https://sju.webex.com/wurpel
Office: SAH GO-18A (x5265)
Office Hours: MR 1:00 – 2:30 PMAM
 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I

• Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

• Chapter 2: Chemical Level of Organization (self-study)

• Molecular Biology Review

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO A&P
• Anatomy
• study of body structures

• Very old science – the oldest!

• Image from Mansur’s Anatomy

• Oldest surviving medieval
collection of Islamic anatomical
drawings

https://www.domestika.org/en/blog/9276-the-
history-of-anatomical-drawing-how-illustrations-
revolutionized-science

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 ANATOMY

• Gross Anatomy
• Surface anatomy - exterior features
• Regional anatomy - body areas
• Systemic anatomy - organ systems
• Clinical anatomy - medical specialties
• Developmental anatomy - from single cell to adult

• Microscopic Anatomy
• Cytology - cells and cellular structure
• Histology - tissues and tissue structures

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 PHYSIOLOGY
• Physiology
• study of the function
of anatomical
structures
• Questions
• How does a cell
generate energy?
• How does the heart
generate the force
necessary for
contraction
• How do muscles move
bones?
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 PHYSIOLOGY

• Physiology
• Cellular physiology
• Organ physiology
• Systemic physiology
• Pathological physiology
- cellular processes
- organ function
- function of organ systems
- disease processes

This course will

focus primarily on
organ & systemic
physiological
processes.

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 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• Atomic
• Molecular
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organs
• Organ systems
• Organism
Cellular Level

Chemical Level

Heart muscle
Protein filaments cell

Atoms in combination Complex protein molecule

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 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• Atomic
• Molecular
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organs
• Organ systems
• Organism
Organ system Organism
level level
Organ Level
Tissue Level

Cardiac muscle The heart

tissue
Cardiovascular 8
system
 ORGAN SYSTEMS

• 11 Organ Systems
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive (Male and Female)
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 ORGAN SYSTEMS

• 11 Organ Systems
• Integumentary
• Skeletal Human A&P I covers these 6 organ
systems. The remaining systems are
• Muscular covered in Human A&P II.
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive (Male and Female)
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 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Major Organs
• Skin
• Hair
• Sweat glands
• Nails

• Functions
• Protects against
environmental hazards
• Helps regulate body
temperature
• Provides sensory information

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 SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Major Organs
• Bones
• Cartilages
• Associated ligaments
• Bone marrow

• Functions
• Provides support & protection
for other tissues
• Store calcium and other
minerals
• Forms blood cells

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 MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Major Organs
• Skeletal muscles
• Associated tendons

• Functions
• Provides for movement
• Provides protection & support
for other tissues
• Generates heat that maintains
body temperature

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 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• Major Organs
• Heart
• Blood
• Blood vessels

• Functions
• Distributes blood cells, water,
and dissolved materials
including nutrients, waste
products, oxygen, and carbon
dioxide
• Distributes heat and assists in
control of body temperature
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 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Major Organs
• Nasal cavities & Sinuses
• Larynx & Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs
• Alveoli

• Functions
• Delivers air to alveoli, the site of gas
exchange
• Provides O2 to the bloodstream
• Removes CO2 from the bloodstream
• Produces sounds for communication
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 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Major Organs
• Teeth & Tongue
• Pharynx & Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small & Large intestine
• Liver & Gallbladder
• Pancreas

• Functions
• Processes & digests food
• Absorbs & conserves water
• Absorbs nutrients
• Stores energy reserves
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 HOMEOSTASIS

• State of internal balance

• Response to external and internal changes

• Autoregulation (Intrinsic) – local regulation

• Extrinsic – neural or endocrine regulation

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 HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION

• Positive Feedback – response increases the stimulus

• Negative Feedback – response negates the stimulus
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 HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION

• Receptor
• Control center
• Effector RECEPTORS

Temperature Information
sensors in skin affects
Normal and
hypothalamus
temperature CONTROL
disturbed CENTER
STIMULUS:
Body temperature
rises

HOMEOSTASIS
Thermoregulatory
Normal body center in brain
temperature
RESPONSE:
Increased heat loss,
body temperature
drops

Normal EFFECTORS
Sends
temperature • Sweat glands commands
restored in skin increase to
secretion
• Blood vessels
in skin dilate
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HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION: BLOOD CLOTTING

• Blood clotting is an example of a positive feedback mechanism

Clotting
accelerates

Positive
feedback
loop

Chemicals Blood clot

Chemicals

Damaged cells in the blood
vessel wall release chemi-
cals that begin the clotting
process.
The chemicals start chain
reactions in which cells,
cell fragments, and soluble
proteins in the blood begin
to form a clot.
As clotting continues, each
step releases chemicals
that further accelerate the
process.
This escalating process
is a positive feedback
loop that ends with the
formation of a blood clot,
which patches the vessel
wall and stops the bleeding.

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HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION: THERMOREGULATION

• Thermoregulation is an example of a negative feedback

mechanism
This homeostatic
Vessels Vessels mechanism keeps
dilate, constrict, body temperature
sweating sweating between 36.7ºC and
increases decreases 37.2ºC.
Body temperature (C)

37.2
Normal
37 Set point
range
36.7

Time
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 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

• Prone/Supine
• Proximal/Distal
How would you stand
• Medial/Lateral if you were asked to
• Cranial (Rostral)/Caudal model the standard
anatomic position?
• Anterior/Posterior
• Dorsal/Ventral
• Superior/Inferior
• Superficial/Deep
What is the
difference between
Anterior/Posterior
positions and
Dorsal/Ventral
positions?
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 Superior: Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head) The head is superior to the knee. Superior

Right Left Cranial or Cephalic

Toward the head
The cranial, or cephalic, border of
the pelvis is superior to the thigh.

Proximal
Toward an
attached base
The shoulder is
proximal to the
wrist. Posterior or Dorsal Anterior or Ventral
Posterior: The back Anterior: The front
surface surface
Dorsal: The back. Ventral: The belly
(equivalent to posterior side. (equivalent to
when referring to the anterior when
human body) referring to the human
The scapula (shoulder body)
blade) is located The umbilicus (navel)
posterior is on the
Lateral Medial anterior (or ventral)
to the rib cage.
Away Toward surface of the trunk.
from the the
midline midline

Proximal

Caudal
Distal
Toward the tail;
Away from an (coccyx in
attached base humans)
The fingers are The hips are
distal to the caudal to the
wrist. waist.

OTHER DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Superficial

Distal At, near, or relatively close

to the body surface
The skin is superficial to
underlying structures.

Deep
Toward the interior of the
body; farther from the surface
The bone of the thigh is deep
to the surrounding skeletal
a Anterior view b Lateral view
muscles.

Inferior: Below; at a lower level; toward the feet The knee is inferior to the hip. Inferior 23
 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
Frontal or
forehead Nasal or nose What
Superficial
Ocular, orbital anatomical
structures or eye term could be
Cranial used to
Otic or ear
or skull describe the
Cephalic or head position of the
Buccal or cheek
Facial model?
or face
Cervical or neck
Oral or mouth
Mental or chin Thoracic or
thorax, chest

Mammary
or breast
Brachial
or arm Trunk
Abdominal
Antecubital (abdomen)
or front of Umbilical
elbow or navel

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 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
Antebrachial Pelvic Trunk
or forearm (pelvis)
Carpal or wrist
Palmar or palm
Manual
or hand

Pollex Digits Inguinal

or thumb(phalanges) or groin
or fingers (digital
or phalangeal) Pubic
Patellar (pubis)
or kneecap Femoral
Crural or thigh
or leg
Tarsal or
ankle

Digits (phalanges)
or toes (digital or
phalangeal) Pedal
Hallux or or foot
great toe 25
 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS

Cephalic
or head

Acromial or
shoulder Cervical
Dorsal or or neck
back

Olecranal Upper
or back limb
of elbow

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ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
Lumbar
or loin Upper
limb

Gluteal
or buttock
Lower
Popliteal or
back of knee limb

Sural
or calf Which anatomical
view is shown?
Calcaneal or
heal of foot

Plantar or
sole of foot
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 ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

Right Upper Left Upper

Quadrant Quadrant
(RUQ) (LUQ)
Right Lower Left Lower
Quadrant Quadrant
(RLQ) (LLQ)

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 ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

Right Left
hypochondriac hypochondriac
region Epigastric region
region

Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar

region region region

Right Hypogastric
(pubic) Left inguinal
inguinal region
region
region

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ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS/ REGIONS

Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Spleen
Large intestine

Small intestine
Appendix
Urinary
bladder

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 SECTIONAL ANATOMY - PLANES
Frontal or coronal Sagittal plane
plane
Plane is oriented parallel to
Plane is oriented long axis
parallel to long axis A sagittal section separates
right and left portions. You
A frontal, or coronal, examine a sagittal section,
section separates but you section sagittally.
anterior and In a midsagittal section, the
posterior portions of plane passes through the
the body. Coronal midline. It separates the
usually refers to body into equal right and
sections passing left sides.
through the skull. A parasagittal section
misses the midline. It
Directional term: separates the body into
frontally or coronally unequal right and left sides.
Midsagittal plane

Directional term: sagittally

Transverse, or
horizontal, plane

Plane is oriented
Frontal plane
perpendicular to long axis

Taking sections in a Transverse plane

A transverse, or cross,
section separates
(inferior view)
particular plane by MRI or superior and inferior
portions of the body.
CT scan allows examination
of internal structures. Directional term: 31
transversely or horizontally
 BODY CAVITIES
• Functions include:
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR
• Protect organs from accidental
shocks
• Permit changes in size and
Thoracic cavity
shape of internal organs Pleural cavity

• Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Pericardial cavity

cavities are divided by the

diaphragm
• Thoracic – 3 cavities Diaphragm

• R & L Pleural Abdominopelvic

cavity

• Pericardial Peritoneal cavity

Abdominal cavity

• Abdominopelvic – 3 cavities
• Peritoneal Pelvic cavity

• Abdominal
• Pelvic 32
 MEDIASTINUM
• Separates the pleural and
pericardial cavities
ANTERIOR

• Upper portion Pericardial

cavity
Heart
• Large blood vessels Pleural cavity Right
Parietal pleura lung Left
• Trachea lung
Mediastinum
• Esophagus Spinal cord

• Thymus
POSTERIOR

• Lower portion
• Pericardial cavity
• Heart
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 SEROUS MEMBRANES
• Two-layer membranes that line
body cavities and cover organs
• Parietal layer – makes up lining
of body cavities
• Visceral layer – covers organs

Thoracic wall

Parietal pleura

Pleural fluid
Pleural
cavity Visceral
pleura
Lung
Cardiac
notch
Diaphragm

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 THORACIC CAVITY
• Pleural cavities
• Contain R & L lungs
• Surrounded by pleural membrane
• Pericardial cavity
• Contains the heart
• Surrounded by the pericardium

Visceral
pericardium
Heart Air space
Pericardial
cavity
Balloon
Parietal
pericardium
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 ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
• Peritoneal cavity
• Chamber within the abdominopelvic cavity Diaphragm

Abdominopelvic

• Parietal peritoneum – lines internal body wall cavity

Peritoneal cavity

• Visceral peritoneum – covers organs Abdominal cavity

• Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

• Spans from diaphragm to top of pelvic bones

• Contains digestive organs
• Retroperitoneal space – area posterior to the peritoneum &
anterior to muscular body wall
• Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters & parts of the digestive tract
• Pelvic cavity
• Space within pelvic bones
• Contains reproductive organs, rectum & bladder 36
CHAPTER 2: CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

37
REVIEW OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Nucleus Sister chromatids
Kinetochore

Centromere
Supercoiled
region

Cell prepared
for division Visible
chromosome

Nondividing
cell

Chromatin in
nucleus

DNA
double
helix
Nucleosome
Histones

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 INITIATION OF TRANSCRIPTION
• Various extracellular factors stimulate receptors on the cell surface
• Leads to activation of transcription factors (TFs)
• TFs bind to regulatory regions of the gene to enhance or repress
transcription of specific genes

Nestler (3rd Ed.), 2015

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 MAJOR MOLECULAR PROCESSES
• Transcription
• Use RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe DNA into RNA
• Produces a primary RNA transcript
What is simply
• RNA processing making a copy of
DNA known as?
• Introns are removed by RNA splicing mechanisms
• Different exons can be excised creating splice variants of messenger
RNA (mRNA)

Nestler (3rd Ed.), 2015

40
 MAJOR MOLECULAR PROCESSES
• Translation
• mRNA is ‘read’ by the ribosome and pairs an mRNA codon with a
transfer RNA (tRNA) with the complementary anti-codon
• tRNAs carry specific amino acids to the ribosome
• Produces peptide chain of amino acids
What is the 3 type
rd

• Protein processing of RNA?

• Peptide chains are transported through the endoplasmic reticulum and
can be packaged in the Golgi apparatus for transport
• Post-translational modifications to the proteins occur in the Golgi or
during transport

mRNA

Nestler (3rd Ed.), 2015

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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