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THE HUMAN ORGANISM

ANATOMY 2

• The study of the structure of the body

• How the body parts are put together

PHYSIOLOGY 3

• The study of the functions of the body

• How the body parts work

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STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• CHEMICAL LEVEL: atoms and molecules
• CELLULAR LEVEL: smallest living units or cells
• TISSUE LEVEL: a group of similar cells that act together to
perform a function
• ORGAN LEVEL: a group of different kinds of tissues that
together perform a function
• SYSTEM LEVEL: various organs arranged together to
perform complex body functions
• HUMAN BODY: 11 systems working together

EXAMPLES

• CHEMICAL • C/H/O/N
• CELLULAR • Muscle cells
• TISSUE • Muscle tissue
• ORGAN • Heart
• SYSTEM • Circulatory system
• HUMAN BODY • 11 systems working together

HOMEOSTASIS

• The relative constancy of the internal environment

• The state of balance within the body necessary to

maintain health and survival

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BASIC STURTURE & FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR SYSTEMS

• Integumentary System
• Basic Function: protection

• Basic Structure: skin, hair nails

• Skeletal System

• Basic Function: support

• Basic Structure: bones

BASIC STURTURE & FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR SYSTEMS

• Muscular System
• Basic Function: movement

• Basic Structure: skeletal muscles

• Nervous System

• Basic Function: communication

• Basic Structure: brain, spinal cord, nerves

BASIC STURTURE & FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR SYSTEMS

• Endocrine System
• Basic Function: communication

• Basic Structure: glands and hormones

• Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System

• Basic Function: transportation

• Basic Structure: blood, heart, blood vessels

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BASIC STURTURE & FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR SYSTEMS

• Lymphatic System
• Basic Function: immunity

• Basic Structure: lymph glands and vessels

• Respiratory System

• Basic Function: provide oxygen and remove CO2

• Basic Structure: air passages, lungs

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BASIC STURTURE & FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR SYSTEMS

• Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System

• Basic Function: process foods

• Basic Structure: stomach, intestines, lives, pancreas,

gallbladder
• Urinary System

• Basic Function: rid of N-containing waste

• Basic Structure: kidneys and bladder

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BASIC STURTURE & FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR SYSTEMS

• Reproductive System
• Basic Function: produce offspring

• Basic Structure: ovaries, testes

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NEGATIVE & POSTIVE FEEDBACK

• Human body mostly relies on negative feedback---temperature control,
blood pressure, blood levels of certain substances, etc.
• Negative Feedback: Body works to COUNTERACT stimulus

• Positive
feedback occurs when the internal stimulus further stimulates the
response
• Withblood loss, chemical responsible for clot formation stimulates the
production of itself.
• Atend of pregnancy, stretching of uterine muscles makes them irritable and
causing them to contract

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ANATOMICAL POSITION
• A reference position that gives meaning to directional terms used to
describe the body parts and regions.
• Standing

• Arms at side

• Palms pointing forward

• Head and feet also pointing forward

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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS 16

SUPERIOR: toward the head,

upper, or above

INFERIOR: toward the feet,

lower, or below

ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS 17

ANTERIOR or VENTRAL: POSTERIOR of DORSAL:

front or toward belly back or toward back

ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS 18

MEDIAL: toward the midline of

the body
MEDIAL

LATERAL

LATERAL: toward the side of

the body or away from the
midline

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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS 19

DISTAL

PROXIMAL

DISTAL: away from or PROXIMAL: toward or

farthest from the nearest the trunk or
trunk or the point of nearest the point of origin
origin of a body part of a body part

ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS 20

SUPERFICIAL: toward or near

the body surface

DEEP: away from the body surface

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BODY PLANES

• SAGITTAL: divides the body into right and

left sections
• FRONTAL: divides the body into anterior
and posterior sections
• TRANSVERSE: divides the body into upper
and lower sections

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SAGITTAL 22

RIGHT LEFT

FRONTAL 23

FRONT BACK

TRANSVERSE 24

UPPER

LOWER

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BODY CAVITIES

VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES

• Thoracic cavity contains heart & lungs
• Diaphragm
• Abdominopelvic cavity contains intestines
and other internal organs
• Often called abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity

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BODY CAVITIES

DORSAL BODY CAVITIES

• Cranial cavity contains brain
• Spinal cavity contains the spinal cord

9 REGIONS OF THE ABDOMINALPELVIC CAVITY 27

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4 QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMEN 28

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WORK CITED

Mineral Area College. “Human Organism Lecture”. Google Slides File.

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THANK YOU!

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