THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY ▫ Sacral

-special terminology is used to prevent ▫ Gluteal

misunderstanding ▪ Upper limb
-exact terms are used for: ▫ Acromial
▪ Position ▫ Brachial
▪ Direction ▫ Olecranal
▪ Regions ▫ Antebrachial (forearm)
▪ Structures ▫ Digital
▪ Lower limb
REGIONAL TERMS ▫ Femoral
 ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS ▫ Popliteal
▪ Cephalic ▫ Sural
▫ Frontal ▫ Fibular
▫ Orbital ▫ Calcaneal
▫ Nasal ▫ Plantar
▫ Buccal
▫ Oral 1. Cytology - cells
▪ Cervical 2. Histology - tissue
▪ Thoracic  GROSS ANATOMY
▫ Sternal ▪ The study of body structures
▫ Axiliary visible to the naked eye (without
▪ Abdominal a microscope)
▫ Umbilical ▪ Structures large enough that
▪ Pelvic one can see with the unaided
▫ Inguinal (groin) eye
▪ Pubic (genital) ▪ Easily observable
▪ Upper limb 1. Surface Anatomy - study of
▫ Acromial superficial markings
▫ Deltoid 2. Regional Anatomy - the study of
▫ Brachial specific areas of the body (e.g.
▫ Antecubital head, trunk)
▫ Antebrachial (forearm) 3. Systemic Anatomy - study of
▫ Carpal the 11 specific organ systems
▫ Digital  DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
▪ Lower limb ▪ Traces structural changes
▫ Coxal (hip) throughout life
▫ Femoral 1. Embryology - study of
▫ Patellar developmental changes of the
▫ Crural body before birth
▫ Fibular
▫ Tarsal (ankle)
▫ Digital ANATOMICAL POSITION
 ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS -anytime you describe structures
▪ Cephalic relative to one another, you must
▫ Occipital assume this standard position:
▪ Cervical • Body erect
▪ Back (dorsal) • Feet slightly apart
▫ Scapular • Palms facing forward
▫ Vertebral • Thumbs point away from body
▫ Lumbar
 up of a group of organs to
WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY? accomplish a common purpose
-it is the study of how the body and its  ORGANISMAL LEVEL - made up of
parts work or function the 11 organ systems

PHYSIOLOGY = FUNCTION WHAT ARE THE 11 SYSTEMS OF

‒ Considers the operation of specific THE HUMAN BODY?
organ systems • Integumentary system
▪ Renal - kidney function • Skeletal system
▪ Neurophysiology - workings of • Muscular system
the nervous • Nervous system
▪ Cardiovascular - operation of • Endocrine system
the heart and blood vessels • Cardiovascular system
‒ Focuses on the functions of the • Lymphatic system
body, often at the cellular or • Respiratory system
molecular level • Digestive system
‒ Science of body functions that is • Urinary system
how the body parts work • Reproductive system
‒ Study of how the body and its parts
work or function
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Physiology can be divided into the
following specialties:  INTEGUMENTARY
 CELL PHYSIOLOGY - study of cell • Forms the external body
 SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY - study of covering
specific organ • Protects deeper tissue from
 SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY - study injury
of system • Helps regulate body
 PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY - temperature
study of the effect of disease on • Location of cutaneous nerve
cell, tissue, organ and system receptors
• Protects against environmental
hazards
WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF • Provides sensory information
STRUCTIONAL ORGANIZATION? • Organs:
Anatomical Organization - we sill  Skin
start from the smallest and finish with  Hair
the largest  Sweat glands
 CHEMICAL LEVEL - made up of  Nails
atoms
 CELLULAR LEVEL - made of of  ENDOCRINE
molecules • Secretes regulatory hormones
 TISSUE LEVEL - made up of ◦ Growth
similar groups of cells that have a ◦ Reproduction
common function ◦ Metabolism
 ORGAN LEVEL - made up of two or • Organs:
more tissue types to perform a  Pineal gland
specific function  Pituitary gland
 ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL - made  Thyroid gland (parathyroid
 glands on posterior aspect) • Generates heat that maintains
 Thymus gland body temperature
 Adrenal glands • Organs:
 Pancreas  Skeletal muscles
 Testis (male)  Associated tendons and
 Ovary (female) aponeuroses (tendinous
sheets)
 SKELETAL
• Protects and supports body  ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
organs • Directs long-term change in the
• Provides muscle attachment for activities of other organ systems
movement • Adjusts metabolic activity and
• Site of blood cell formation energy use by the body
• Stores minerals • Controls many structural and
• Provides support and protection functional changes during
for other tissues development
• Stores calcium and other
minerals
• Forms blood cells
• Organs:
 Bones
 Cartilages
 Associated Ligaments
 Bone Marrow
 Joints

 NERVOUS
• Directs immediate responses to
stimuli
• Coordinate or moderate
activities of other organ systems
• Provides and interprets sensory
information about external
conditions
• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and
external change
• Activates muscles and glands
• Organs:
 Brain
 Sensory receptor
 Spinal cord
 Nerves

 MUSCULAR
• Produces movement
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
• Provides protection and support  CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
for other tissues • Transports materials in body via
 blood pumped by heart  Esophagus
• Distributes blood cells, water,  Stomach
and dissolved materials,  Small intestine
including nutrients, waste  Large intestine
products, oxygen, and carbon  Liver
dioxide  Gallbladder
• Distributed heat and assists in  Pancreas
control of body temperature  Rectum
• Organs:  Anus
 Heart
 Blood  URINARY SYSTEM
 Blood vessels • Eliminates nitrogenous
• Maintains acid-base balance
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Regulates water and electrolyte
• Keeps blood supplied with • Excretes waste products from
oxygen the blood
• Removes carbon dioxide • Controls water balance by
• Delivers air to alveoli (sites in regulating volume of urine
lungs where gas exchange produced
occurs) • Stores urine prior to voluntary
• Provides oxygen to bloodstream elimination
• Removes carbon dioxide from • Regulates blood ion
bloodstream concentrations and pH
• Produces sounds for • Organs:
communication  Kidneys
• Organs:  Ureter
 Nasal cavities  Urinary bladder
 Sinuses  Urethra
 Larynx
 Trachea  REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Bronchi • Produces offspring
 Lungs
 Alveoli MALE
• Produces male sex cells
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (sperm) and hormones
• Breaks down food • Organs:
• Allows for nutrient absorption  Testes
into blood  Epididymis
• Eliminates indigestible material  Ductus deferens
• Processes and digests food  Seminal vesicles
• Absorbs and conserves water  Prostate gland
• Absorbs nutrients (ions, water,  Penis
and the breakdown products of  Scrotum
dietary sugars, proteins, and  Vas deferens
fats)
• Stores energy reserves FEMALE
• Organs: • Produces female sex cells
 Teeth (oral cavity) (oocytes) and hormones
 Tongue • Supports developing embryo
 Pharynx from conception to delivery
 • Provides milk to nourish ‒ Most abundant substance in
newborn infant body
‒ Provides for metabolic
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS reaction/processes
 MAINTAIN BOUNDARIES (skin) • Required for transport of
 MOVEMENT substances
‒ Locomotion • Regulates body
‒ Movement of substances temperature
‒ Walking, swimming, running  STABLE BODY TEMPERATURE
 RESPONSIVENESS  HEAT (forms of energy; partly
‒ Ability to sense changes and controls rate metabolic reactions)
react ⁂ Pressure - application of force
‒ Sense changes or stimuli in the on an object
environment ⃰ Atmospheric pressure
 DIGESTION (important for breathing)
‒ Break down and absorption of ⃰ Hydrostatic pressure (keeps
nutrients blood flowing)
 METABOLISM (chemical reactions
within the body)
‒ Produces energy
‒ Makes body structures
 EXCRETION
‒ Eliminates waste from
metabolic reactions
‒ Removal wastes from body
 REPRODUCTION
‒ Produces future generation
 GROWTH
‒ Increases cell size and number
of cell
 RESPIRATION (obtaining oxygen;
removing carbon dioxide; releasing
energy from foods)
• CIRCULATION (movement of
substances in body fluids)
• ASSIMILATION (changing of
absorbed substances into
chemically different forms)

SURVIVAL NEEDS
 NUTRIENTS
‒ Chemicals for energy and cell
building
‒ Includes carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, vitamins, and
minerals
 OXYGEN
‒ Required for chemical reactions
 WATER
‒ 60% - 80% of body weight