✧ from my notes only ✧

— source from internet, other people, nursing students

anatomy is the branch of science that deals with the study of the physical structure and
internal workings of living organisms.

✧chapter;one✧
intro to anatomy and physiology ; overview of anatomy and physiology

Anatomy

The study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their
relationships to one another

Gross anatomy - can be seen with eye such as muscle, bones, various organs

Microscopic Anatomy - cannot be seen with the eye

Cytology - study of cells

Histology - study of tissues

Regional Anatomy - study one region of the body at a time and learn everything
about the region

Systemic Anatomy – study one body system at a time

Anatomical Organization
Cells
Tissues

Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
Physiology

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 Study of how the body and its parts work or function

Importance of Anatomy and Physiology

Understand how the body:

responds to stimuli

environmental changes

environmental cues

diseases

injury

Maintains stable, internal conditions despite continually changing environment

Level of Structural Organization

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 Major Organs of The Body

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 Organ System Overview

The highest level of structural organization, the organismal level, is made up of

11 organs

Integumentary System

external covering of the body, or the skin

Skeletal System

supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use
to cause movement

Muscular System

composed of skeletal muscles, provides mobility to the body

Nervous System

body’s fast-acting control system

Endocrine System

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 endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called hormones that
regulate other structures/organs

Cardiovascular System

primary organs of the cardiovascular system are the heart and blood
vessels. The heart acts as the blood pump, propelling blood through the
blood vessels to all body tissues

Lymphatic System

organs of the lymphatic system include the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
the spleen and tonsils.

Respiratory System

primary function of the respiratory system is to keep the body constantly

supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide

Digestive System

is to break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to
the body cells

Urinary System

removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them
from the body in urine.

Reproductive System

exists primarily to produce offspring

Anatomical Position

The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides
with the palms facing forward

Anterior Body Landmarks

Abdominal – anterior body trunk Fibular – lateral part of the leg

inferior to ribs Inguinal – area where thigh meets
Acromial – point of shoulder body trunk; groin
Antecubital – anterior surface of the Nasal – nose area

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 elbow Oral – mouth
Axillary – armpit Orbital – eye area
Brachial – arm Patellar – anterior knee
Buccal – cheek area Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis
Carpal – wrist anteriorly
Cervical – neck region Pubic – genital region
Coxal – hip Sternal – breastbone area
Crural – leg Tarsal – ankle region
Digital – fingers, toes Thoracic – chest
Femoral – thigh Umbilical - navel

Posterior Body Landmarks

Calcaneal – heel of foot Olecranal – posterior surface of

Cephalic – head elbow
Deltoid – curve of shoulder formed Popliteal – posterior knee area
by large deltoid muscle Sacral – area between hips
Femoral – thigh Scapular – shoulder blade region
Gluteal – buttock Sural – posterior surface of lower
Lumbar – area of back between leg; the calf
hips Vertebral – area of spine
Occipital – posterior surface of Plantar – sole of the foot
head

Body Quadrants

Right Upper Quadrant - right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portion of
stomach, small and large intestines

Left Upper Quadrant - left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen,
portion of large intestine

Right Lower Quadrant - cecum, vermiform, appendix, and portion of small

intestine. right ovary and spermatic cord. ureter

Left Lower Quadrant - most of small intestine, portion of large intestine, left
ureter, reproductive organs, left ovary and spermatic cord

Planes and Sections

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 Sagittal section - divides the body into left and right sides: Mid Sagittal - straight
down the center: Transverse - straight across the body

Frontal section - divides the body into front and back sides

✧chapter;two✧

the cell and its structures

Cell Structures

the cell is the basic unit of biological organization

carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

major regions

nucleus
cell membrane

cytoplasm

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

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 eukaryote and prokaryote visual

History of the Cell Theory

Proposed in 1830’s by Schleiden and Schwann

Modern call theory

cells are the smallest complete living things
all organisms are composed of one or more cells

cells arise only from other cells

all existing cells are descendants of first cells

Anatomy of a Typical Eukaryotic Cell

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 The Cell Membrane
Double phospholipid layer with embedded proteins

Membrane transport: selectively permeable membrane

osmosis

protein channels
active transport
fluid mosaic model

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 the cell membrane visual

Cytoplasm of the Cell

Mostly water with chemical compounds in solution or colloid

🧠 Solution vs Colloid
Individual vs clumped atoms or icons distributed in medium

Polar compounds go into solution

Nonpolar compounds go into colloidal suspension

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 The Nucleus
Control center of the cell

Nuclear membrane has pores to allow the passage of substances

Chromatin genetic material inside nucleoplasm

Nucleolus: site of ribosome formation

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 The Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Cristae: inner folds where cellular respiration occurs
Energy requirements of cell determine cristae number

Lysosomes

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 Digestive enzyme packages

Digest stored food

Maintenance and repair of organelles
Suicide agents for old or weak cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum
System of membranes that makes up channels

Connects with outer nuclear and cell membranes

Cisternae: sac like or channel like cavities

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