b. Outline the molecular basis of this disorder.
FIRST PROFESSIONAL
MB;BS EXAM PAST
QUESTIONS
ANATOMY
2020/2021 RESIT
1. a. Draw a well-labelled diagram of a mammalian
cell.
b. Write short note on mitochondria.
2. a. Classify connective tissues.
b. Highlight the derivatives of the germ layers.
3. A 3-year-old girl was rushed to emergency
pediatric unit on account of excessive cry and
irritability. The doctor found out that she was
pale, icteric and has hand and foot swelling.
a. What genetic disorder is this?
b. Outline the molecular basis of this disorder.
c. Using Punnett’s square only, show how it can
be inherited.
d. The hand and foot swelling is called what?
4. Use a table to highlight the key developmental
events occurring in each of the stages of lung
maturation and the period these normally
happen.
5. a. With the aid of an annotated illustration,
describe the Pathway of Blood through the Heart
b. Highlight the differences between system and
pulmonary circulation.
6. Give an account of the gross and applied
anatomy of the inguinal canal.
7. a. Discuss the anatomy of the elbow joint.
b. Discuss the anatomy of the popliteal fossa;
add notes on clinical correlates.
8. Write on the microscopic anatomy of the
cerebellum.
2020/2021
1. a. Draw a well-labelled diagram of a mammalian
cell.
b. Write short note on mitochondria.
2. a. Classify epithelial tissues with examples.
b. Highlight the derivatives of the germ layers.
3. A 3-year-old girl was rushed to emergency
pediatric unit on account of excessive cry and
irritability. The doctor found out that she was
pale, icteric and has hand and foot swelling.
a. What genetic disorder is this?
c. Using Punnett’s square only, show how it can
be inherited.
d. The hand and foot swelling is called what?
4. a. Outline the four stages of lung maturation, the
key developmental events associated with each,
and the specific period these events occur.
b. With reference to their embryonic origin,
differentiate between hernia of Bochdalek and
hernia of Morgagni.
5. An 88-year-old male presented with sudden
onset of chest pain. Echocardiographic changes
suggested a coronary artery disease. Use
annotated diagrams to describe the blood supply
to the heart. Add notes on its clinical
significance.
6. In a tabular form, compare the male and female
bony pelvis. Add note on its applied anatomy.
7. a. Discuss the anatomy of the knee joint.
b. Discuss the anatomy of the axilla; add notes
on clinical correlates.
8. The spinothalamic tracts carry the sensory
modalities of crude touch, pressure, pain, and
temperature. Use an appropriate diagram only
to illustrate how pain from a pin prick on the big
toe transmitted to the central nervous system
(CNS). Briefly highlight how the integrity of
spinothalamic tract(s) is/are assessed in the
clinic.
2019/2020
1. a. Use a diagram to illustrate a eukaryotic cell.
b. Highlight the differences and similarities
between meiosis and mitosis.
2. a. Write on transitional epithelium.
b. Highlight 5 functions of connective tissue and
state the structures responsible for such
functions.
3. Discuss the formation of the placenta.
4. A coach refused to sign Mr. KDB into his team
because he felt he would not see the post in the
broad day light.
a. What genetic disorder does Mr. KDB have?
b. State the main feature to justify your answer
in (a)
c. What is the pattern of inheritance of this
disorder.
b. List 4 other examples of (a)
5. Discuss the anatomy of a typical intercoastal
space and its clinical significance.
 6. A 7-month-old girl was brought to the clinic with
difficulty in breathing and bluish discoloration of
the mouth. The mother noticed that the
breathlessness was relieved by squatting. Chest
X-ray revealed boot-shaped heart.
a. What is this Congenital defect called?
b. What is the Embryological basis of this
defect?
c. How does squatting bring temporary
relief?
7. Discuss the anatomy of inguinal canal. Add a
note on its clinical relevance.
8. Describe the male urogenital triangle.
9. Write on arterial anastomoses around the
scapular.
10. Give a comprehensive account of the arches of
the foot.
11. Write on temporomandibular joint under the
following headings (a) articular surfaces (b)
Ligaments (c) sensory nerves (d) Dislocation and
its reduction.
12. Write on the cavity of Diencephalon.
2018/2019
1. ln a diagrammatic illustration describe the
animal cell and all its functions.
2. Discuss the classification of epithelial tissue and
give examples of their location.
3. Mention 10 derivatives each of the germ layers.
4. Discuss the anatomy of the 5th intercoastal
space add notes on this clinical importance.
5. An anthropologist carried out a craniometry on
nursery pupils. He found Bimbo, a year-old girl,
had a prominent frontal bone. Past medical
history shows that she had hand and foot
swelling at 6 months.
a. Which genetic disorder does Bimbo have?
b. Using the Punnett Square only, show how it
can be inherited.
c. State the pattern of inheritance.
6. a. List 10 congenital anomalies of the kidney
b. Briefly discuss the histology of the kidney.
7. a. Tabulate the surface markings for each heart
valve.
b. Briefly write on cyanotic congenital heart
defect.
8. Describe the anatomy of the basal ganglion.
9. Discuss the functional components course and
distribution of the facial nerve. Add notes on its
injury.
10. Discuss the anatomical snuff box and note on its
clinical correlates.
11. Discuss the anatomy of the popliteal fossa and
add note on the applied anatomy.
12. Briefly discuss the macroscopic and microscopic
anatomy of the stomach.
2017/2018
1. a. Describe a typical animal cell diagrammatically
b. State the factors determining the permeability
of the cell membrane.
2. Using oocyte as your model, Illustrate the
process of gametogenesis.
3. A 58-year-old woman rushed her baby to the
hospital on account of poor development and
excessive cry. The doctor noticed that the boy
has a large protruding tongue. He also found the
occipito-frontal circumference to be smaller than
the normal for his age.
a. What genetic disorder is this?
b. List two(2) features stated to support your
answer in (a) above
c. What is the main predisposing factor
indicated?
d. Outline the anatomical basis of this disorder.
e. What is the karyotype of the boy?
4. Discuss the anatomy of the mediastinal surface
of the right lung.
5. Write on the basis and applied anatomy of The
Triangle of Koch.
6. Explain coronary artery dominance. Add a note
on its clinical significance.
7. An anatomist investigated the effect of plantain
on the testis of adult rabbits. Microscopically, he
observed that the testis contained numerous
cells changing from one form to another.
a. List all the cells described above.
b. What is this phenomenon called?
c. Draw a well labelled diagram of the
organ seen.
8. Chukwu dribbled Yemi and fired a shot at the
goal post. Gana the goalkeeper, dived in the air
to the left and had his left shoulder joint hit the
iron bar of the goal post. In the process, Gana's
humerus got fractured at the surgical neck.
Answer the following questions:
(a) Which nerve(s) is/are most likely to be
lesioned at the fractured site?
(b) Mention the roots of the nerve(s) mentioned
in (a)
 (c) List the muscles that could have their actions
affected as a result of the lesion of the nerve(s)
mentioned in (a)
(d) List the movements of the upper limb that
could be affected as a result of the lesioned
nerve(s) mentioned in (a).
9. Describe the anatomy of the popliteal fossa.
10. Tade heard a very loud bang and quickly placed
his palms on his auricles.
a. Mention the muscles that will quickly act to
reduce the effects of the loud sound.
b. Using a schematic diagram (arrows). describe
the flow of the sound waves of the loud bang
through the ear to the brain.
c. A complaint diagnosed as a middle ear
infection was found to have affected Tode's
ability to taste recognition. Explain why.
11. With the aid of a well labeled diagram, describe
the transverse section of the spinal cords at the
cervical segment.
12. In a tabular form, state the derivatives of the
pharyngeal arches.
2016/2017
1. With the aid of a labeled diagram. give a detailed
account of the cell cycle in a typical eukaryotic
cell. Add a note on the demerits of rapid cell
turn-over in epithelial tissue.
2. From structural and functional perspective, write
on blood cells.
3. Give a concise account of the formation and
functions of the placenta in human. Discuss
structural chromosomal aberrations with
relevant examples.
4. List the major anatomical events occurring at the
sternal angle of Louis, Add a note on the
protective mechanism of the respiratory airway.
5. a. Tabulate the surface markings for heart
valves, and
b. Briefly write on cyanotic congenital heart
defects.
6. Give an account of the gross and applied
anatomy of the inguinal canal.
7. Discuss structural chromosomal aberrations with
relevant examples.
8. a. Write briefly on the relations and autonomic
innervation of the non-gravid uterus;
b. Describe the venous and lymphatic drainage
of the testes with relevant clinical correlates.
9. Give a brief account of the gross anatomy and
clinical correlate of the urinary bladder.
10. a. Briefly describe the axillary artery and its
branches; and
b. Outline the anatomical factors that promote
the stability of the knee joint.
11. Write concise notes on the
a. orbit and its contents;
b. developmental anatomy and anomalies of the
tongue.
12. Discuss the anatomy of the internal capsule and
its clinical correlates.
2015/2016
1. a. Using a Table, enumerate connective tissue
cells, stating the distinguishing morphological
features and the main function of each cell.
b. Draw a well labelled diagram to illustrate a
typical eukaryotic cell.
2. Write a short essay on folding of the embryo and
the congenital anomalies associated with the
process.
3. A man who had purple ears come to the
attention of a human geneticist. The human
geneticist did a pedigree analysis and made the
following observations: In this family, purple ears
proved to be an inherited trait due to the single
genetic locus, the man's mother and one sister
also had purple ears but his father. his brother
and two other sisters had normal ears. The man
had a normal-eared wife and seven children
including four boys and three girls. Two girls and
two boys had purple ears.
a. What is the pattern of inheritance?
b. What is the genotype of the Propitus (the man
who first came to the attention of the
geneticist)?
c. What is the genotype of his mother?
d. Draw a family pedigree chart for this trait.
4. a. Give a short account of the bronchopulmonary
segments of the left lung.
b. List the named tertiary(segmental) bronchi of
the right lung. Describe the arterial supply of
the heart Add a note on its applied anatomy.
5. Write a short note on the microscopic and
applied anatomy of the gastric mucosa.
6. List the sites of Porto-caval anastomoses.
7. Give an account of the boundaries, contents, and
applied anatomy of the axilla.
8. Briefly describe the anatomy of the knee joint.
 9. Give a short account of the developmental BIOCHEMISTRY
anatomy and anomalies of the thyroid gland.
10. Write on (a)Histology of the cornea. (b) Bell's 2020/2021 RESIT
palsy; and (c) Embryological basis of cleft lip.
11. Write short notes on SECTION A
a. autonomic and sensory innervation of LAQ:
the urinary bladder; 1. Discuss Embden Meyerhoff Pathway and its
b. Lymphatic drainage of the uterus with biomedical importance.
relevant applied anatomy; and OR
c. Venous drainage of the testes. Discuss the biochemical mechanism of electron
12. a. Draw a well-labelled diagram to illustrate the transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
arrangement of nerve fibers within the internal
capsule; SAQ:
b. Write on the blood supply to the striate 2. Write short note on hormonal regulation of
cortex. calcium phosphate homeostasis.
3. Write short note on molecular basis of Iron
deficiency anaemia.
2014/2015 4. Discuss the biochemical functions of the kidney.

1. a. List the characteristics of synovial joint. SECTION B

b. Write short notes on actual and potential LAQ:
anastomoses. 5. Discuss the formation, circulation, regulation,
c. List the characteristics of long bones and physicochemical significance of
2. a. Classify genetic disorders and give two cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in living organisms.
examples each. OR
b. Write short note on the following: (i) Gene Discuss the biosynthesis of Serotonin and
therapy (ii) Crossing over (iii) Incomplete highlight 5 neuropsychiatric diseases in which
dominance (iv) Co-dominance. serotonin is involved.
3. Discuss the surface anatomy of the heart and its
SAQ:
valves.
6. Explain briefly the Orotic aciduria Syndrome.
4. Write a short note on typical ribs and list 10
7. Enumerate the biochemical evolution of protein
anatomical events that could be found at the
energy malnutrition (PEM) in a 12-month-old
sternal angle of Louis.
child.
5. Describe the anatomy of the inguinal canal and
8. (a) Define urinalysis and list 10 parameters on
add notes on its clinical anatomy.
urinalysis strip.
6. a. Write on the blood supply of the uterus and
(b) What will be your differential of any 2 of the
b. Write short notes on the histology of the
above listed parameters in urine.
testis.
7. a. Explain the embryology of the pharyngeal
2020/2021
arches.
b. Mention five congenital anomaly of the face SECTION A
8. Write short notes on the following; (a) LAQ:
classification of sulci (b) classify thalami nuclei 1. Discuss the hormonal mechanism of action.
with examples. OR
9. Discuss the anatomy of the breast and add notes With the aid of a clear biochemical pathway,
on its clinical correlate. write on the catabolism of purine nucleotides.
10. Discuss the anatomy of the arches of the foot.
11. Discuss the blood supply of the brain and SAQ:
comment on its clinical anatomy. 2. With the aid of illustrated diagrams, enumerate
12. Describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland and the various mechanisms involved in the
add notes on its clinical anatomy. development of drug resistance.
 3. Discuss the process of DNA replication using 8. a. Describe the mechanism of action and
Semi-conservative model. biochemical functions of testosterone in males.
4. Enumerate the biochemical evolution of protein b. Enumerate the endocrine function of
energy malnutrition (PEM) in a 12-month-old pancreas.
child. 9. Discus the physicochemical significance of
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the maintenance of
SECTION B homeostatic regulation in living system.
LAQ:
5. Discuss in detail the endogenous synthesis and 2018/2019
regulation of Cholesterol.
OR SECTION A
List 10 adrenal functions’ tests and explain one LAQ:
of them.
1. Discuss the biochemical mechanisms of electron
SAQ: transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
6. Write a short note on 1,25(OH)2D3 (Vit. D) OR
7. Using appropriate graphs, describe the factors Comprehensively, describe the biosynthesis
that can influence enzyme catalysis. regulation and clinical importance of thyroid
8. Briefly discuss haemoglobin saturation-curve. hormones.

2019/2020 SAQ:
2. Discuss briefly about chemical mechanisms of
SECTION A aging process.
LAQ: 3. Describe the mechanism of buffer action of the
1. Discuss the biochemical mechanism of electron oxygenated hemoglobin and its role in acid-base
transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. disorders.
OR 4. Describe the urea cycle and its associated
Classify the adrenal hormones and discuss the disorders.
biosynthesis of cortisol. 5. Enumerate the clinical significance of plasma
membrane to living system.
SAQ:
2. Using appropriate graphs, describe the factors SECTION B
that can influence enzyme catalysis. LAQ:
3. Write short note on hormonal regulation of
calcium phosphate homeostasis. 6. Describe fully, the irreversible steps in
4. Concisely discuss recombinant DNA and their gluconeogenesis and discuss five areas of
various applications. biomedical importance.
5. Write briefly on metabolic muscle fatigue. OR
With the aid of appropriate pathway, describe
SECTION B the sequential steps involved in the synthesis of
LAQ: phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
6. Using appropriate pathway, describe the
biochemical process of glycogenolysis and its SAQ:
associated disorders. 7. Write a concise note on Vitamin D as a fat-
OR soluble vitamin.
With the aid of a sequential pathway, discuss the 8. Highlight five functions of prostaglandins.
catabolism of purine nucleotides. 9. With the aid of graphs, describe enzyme
inhibition.
SAQ:
7. From a neuro-biochemical point of view, discuss
Alzheimer's Disease.
2017/2018 With the aid of appropriate structures, describe
the synthesis of glucose from alanine and
SECTION A highlight its biomedical importance.
LAQ:
SAQ:
1. With the aid of structures, examples, and graphs 2. Briefly discuss the complete metabolism of a
where appropriate, describe the classification named amino acid.
and inhibition of enzymes. 3. Highlight the defective enzymes in pyrimidine
OR biosynthesis.
Describe in detail the fate of nitrogen consumed 4. Using appropriate graphs, describe the factors
in a protein diet. that can influence enzyme catalysts.
5. List 5 major ions in human body and briefly
SAQ:
discuss their biomedical importance.
2. Write short notes on the biomedical functions of
blood. SECTION B
3. Write briefly on DNA replication and repairs. LAQ:
4. Discuss the molecular basis of iron deficiency 6. Comprehensively, discuss the properties and
anaemia. function of hemoglobin.
5. a. Describe, with the aid of graphs, the OR
physiologic functions of surfactants. Discuss the biosynthesis and regulation of
b. What is drug distribution? Briefly discuss the steroid hormone of testis.
factors that determine drug absorption and
distribution. SAQ:
7. Discuss the physiologic and biochemical
SECTION B functions of iron.
LAQ: 8. What is drug distribution? Briefly describe the
6. Concisely, discuss the biosynthesis of thyroid factors that determine drug absorption and
hormones and its biochemical roles in living distribution.
organisms. 9. With the aid of diagrams, explain five reactions
OR of monosaccharides.
Using appropriate pathway, describe the
biochemical process of glycogenolysis and its 2015/2016
associated disorders.
SECTION A
SAQ: LAQ:
7. With the aid of illustrated diagram, enumerate 1. Discuss the biosynthesis and clinical uses of
the various mechanisms involved in the Estrogens.
development of drug resistance. OR
8. Enumerate the inborn errors of bile acid With the aid of diagram discuss the fluid mosaic
synthesis. model of biological membrane and its clinical
9. Write concisely on the clinical significance of significance
pyrimidine synthesis.
SAQ:
2016/2017 2. Discuss briefly the factors influencing delivery of
oxygen from the lungs to the issues.
SECTION A 3. Explain the term proteinuria. List the markers of
LAQ: tubular proteinuria and five other abnormal
constituents of urine.
1. Itemize clearly various metabolic steps in the
4. Write short notes on the Renal Acid Base
biosynthesis of palmitate from acetyl CoA.
regulation.
OR
5. Write short notes on
a. Oxidative phosphorylation
 b. Clinical significance of cerebrospinal SECTION B
fluid CSF LAQ:

SECTION B 6. Write extensively on the hormones of the

LAQ: pituitary gland.
OR
6. Highlight the steps involved in pyrimidine Describe the systemic biological synthesis of
synthesis and the enzyme deficiencies associated deoxyuridine diphosphate(dUDP) and the
with pathway. possible clinical disorders that may be related to
OR this process.
Describe the metabolic pathway of phenyl-
tyrosine breakdown and highlight the inborn SAQ:
errors associated with the pathway. 7. Write briefly on the excretion of glucuronides.
8. The synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine can
SAQ: occur in two pathways. Discuss
7. Write briefly on iron-deficiency induced anemia. 9. Enumerate various clinical significance of
8. Diagrammatically illustrate the various bonds galactose metabolism.
hydrolyzed by phospholipases in phospholipid
and highlight the biomedical significance of 2013/2014
phospholipids.
9. List SECTION A
a. The components of protein aggregate LAQ:
in the functional unit of muscle 1. Write extensively on how ammonia is produced
b. The biomedical importance of and disposed of in the body.
gluconeogenesis OR
Describe with specific examples, activation of
2014/2015 enzymes and other dynamic molecules; and
modulation of gene expression as the two
SECTION A fundamental mechanism of hormone action.
LAQ:
1. Write extensively on the mechanisms of SAQ:
pyruvate to produce ATP. 2. Diagrammatically illustrate the effects of the
OR following on the oxygen-binding capacity of
Discuss the production and circulation of hemoglobin
cerebrospinal fluid. a. C02
b. 2,3-BPG
SAQ: c. Low PH
d. CO
2. Discuss the fluid mosaic model of plasma
3. Derive the Henderson-Hasselbach equation.
membrane.
4. Describe the various levels of which xenobiotics
3. Write a short note on classical dopamine
may exert their pharmalogical or toxic effects.
hypothesis of schizophrenia.
5. Write short note on Duschenne Muscular
4. Illustrate the biosynthesis of the following amino
Dystrophy
acids.
a. Glutamate SECTION B
b. Glutamine
c. Aspartate LAQ:
d. Alanine 6. Discuss in detail the importance of
5. Diagrammatically illustrate the urea cycle neurotransmitters in neuropsychiatric disorders.
OR
 Describe the process of enzyme inhibition and Write an essay on synaptic transmission.
types of reversible enzyme inhibition citing
relevant examples and their applications. 2. Write an essay on the cardiac cycle.
OR
SAQ: Write an essay on the mineralocorticoids and
7. Outline schematically the reactions of the briefly discuss the causes and features of Conn’s
glycolytic pathway. syndrome and Addison’s disease.
8. Write short notes on the tests for tubular
function. SECTION B
9. Discuss briefly the significance of BMR and SAQ
factors affecting it. 3. Write short note on the Haemolytic Disease of
the newborn.
4. Write a short note on micturition reflex and its
clinical correlates.
5. Highlight ten (10) non-respiratory functions of
the lungs.
PHYSIOLOGY 6. Write short note on coronary blood flow.
7. Briefly discuss Gastric Acid Secretion.
2020/2021 RESIT
8. Describe the ionic basis of resting membrane
SECTION A potential.
LAQ 9. Briefly discuss Platelet function in haemostasis.
1. Write an essay on salivary secretion.
OR 2019/2020
Write an essay on sensory receptors.
SECTION A
LAQ
2. Write an essay on the cardiac output.
1. Write an essay on synaptic transmission
OR
OR
Discuss the endocrine functions of the testes.
Write an essay on the functions and
What are the features of testosterone lack in
pathophysiology of three hormones of the
foetal, pre-pubertal and post-pubertal males?
kidney.

SECTION B
2. (a) State TEN important information that can be
SAQ
obtained from the ECG
3. Write short note on the Haemolytic Disease of
(b) Discuss the regulation of the arterial blood
the newborn.
pressure
4. Write a short note on micturition reflex and five
OR
(5) clinical correlates.
Write an essay on exocrine pancreatic
5. Outline 10 changes that occur in puberty in
secretions.
males and females.
6. Write short note on coronary blood flow. SAQ
7. Briefly discuss lactation. 3. Briefly discuss the chemical control of respiration
8. Describe the ionic basis of action potential. 4. Write a short note on micturition reflex and its
9. Discuss the regulation of body fluid osmolality. clinical importance.
5. Write a short note on haemostasis.
2020/2021 6. Write a short essay on the lymphatic system.
7. Briefly diacuss gastric acid secretion
SECTION A
8. Briefly describe the regulation of biological
LAQ
rhythms in human beings
1. Discuss the digestion and absorption of fat in the
9. Write a short note on the functions of reticular
gastrointestinal tract.
formation.
OR
2018/2019 7. Briefly describe how melatonin orchestrate
seasonal rhythms.
SECTION A 8. (a) State 10 functions that affect metabolic rate
LAQ (b) Briefly discuss regulation of gastric secretions
1. Write an essay on the functions of major 9. Write an essay on myelopoiesis.
hypothalamic hormones.
OR 2016/2017
Discuss the effect of lesions on nerves.
SECTION A
2. Write an essay on the cardiac cycle of a young LAQ
adult normal man. 1. Write an essay on human memory function.
OR OR
Discuss differences between the two divisions of Discuss the physiology and pathophysiology of a
the autonomic nervous system and the named mineralocorticoids hormone.
physiological effects of the simulation on ten
structures of the body. 2. Discuss the mechanical characteristics of muscle.
OR
SAQ Write an essay on the cardiac cycle.
3. Write short note on non-respiratory functions of
the lungs. SAQ
4. Briefly discuss deglutition. 3. Highlight the roles of gastrointestinal tract and
5. Write short note on lactation. gluco-regulatory hormones on glucose
6. Write short note on immunity. homeostasis.
7. Using the mechanism of action potential 4. (a) Outline the primary factors that cause
generation describe the positive feedback oedema
regulation loop. (b) Describe the dynamic of filtration across the
8. Write short note on plasma clearance. glomerular membrane
9. Briefly discuss the defects of vision 5. Write an essay on the dorsal-lemnisci pathway.
6. Briefly discuss lactation in humans
2017/2018 7. Discuss the chemical control of respiration.
8. Briefly discuss the gastric acid secretion
SECTION A 9. (a) State 10 information that can be obtained
LAQ from an ECG
1. Write an essay on the role of renin-angiotensin (b) State the factors affecting erythropoiesis.
system in the regulation of blood pressure.
OR 2015/2016
Write an essay on sensory reflexes.
SECTION A
2. Write an essay on the endocrine functions of the LAQ
kidneys and briefly describe the associated 1. Discuss the morphology and variation of
clinical correlate. erythrocytes.
OR OR
Discuss homeostasis using relevant examples. Describe the cardiovascular responses to
hemorrhage.
SAQ
3. Describe the concurrent multiplier mechanism in 2. Write an essay on gastric acid secretion with a
the kidney. note on the pathophysiological basis of ulcer
4. (a) List 5 non-respiratory functions of the lungs. treatment.
(b) State the factors affecting gaseous exchange OR
5. Write short note on menstrual cycle. 3. Write an essay on the physiology and
6. Discuss `Erythroblastosis Fetalis` pathophysiology of insulin.
SAQ 2013/2014
4. List the causes of oedema and explain the
factors that contribute to its formation. SECTION A
5. Describe the functions and effects of lesions of LAQ
corticospinal tract. 1. Write an essay on the functions and
6. Write an essay on parturition. pathophysiology of a named glucocorticoid
7. Describe the arterial blood pressure and indicate hormone.
the dicrotic notch. OR
8. Write a note on the measurement of body fluid Write an essay on Physiological responses during
compartment. hemorrhage.
9. Write short note on the mechanics of
respiration. 2. Describe the physiologic changes occurring in
10. Describe briefly, the mechanisms for producing the body during exercise.
concentrated urine. OR
Discuss the mechanical properties of muscles.
2014/2015
SAQ
SECTION A 3. Briefly discuss the regulation of plasma calcium
LAQ 4. Write a short note on hypothalamo-hypophysco-
1. Write an essay on cardiac cycle. ovarian axis.
OR 5. Write a short note on the composition and
Write an essay on the control of respiration. entero-hepatic circulation of bile.
6. Briefly discuss the classification and functions of
2. Write an essay on synapses. reflexes
OR 7. Write short note on parturition.
Write an essay on the role of insulin in the 8. Write short note on reticulocytes.
regulation of blood glucose. 9. Using a well labelled diagram, describe the visual
pathway.
SAQ
3. With the aid of diagram, explain the principle of
oedema.
4. Write short note on:
(a) Physiological responses to hemorrhage SAKA, Okikiola
(b) Lactation as a positive feedback loop 300L MB;BS (2021/22)
5. Write a brief essay on salivary secretion.
6. Describe the components of the limbic system
and its circuitry connections.
7. Write short note on spermatogenesis.
8. Write short note on:
(a) Micturition
(b) Calcium homeostasis
9. List 3 short term autoregulation of skeletal
muscle blood flow and briefly describe one of
them.