Introduction to the human
body
• Importance, health
awareness
Anatomy
• The study of the
structure of the body and
how the body parts are
organized.
• Where are your parts, how
do we distinguish body
parts, forms of the human
parts
• Structural details
Physiology
• Body function/ body
process.
• What they do and how they
do it.
Gross anatomy
• Large or something we can
easily distinguish
Regional
• Certain areas of the body
Systematic
• Best for relating
structure to function
Surface Anatomy
• Superficial
shapes/marking
Heart rate response
1. Pathologic response
• Didn’t do anything but
the bp suddenly goes up
or low
• May health problems or
may sira sa hormones
2. Physiologic Response
• If you did something like
exercise or running and
you’re not sick then your
BP goes high or low
• Physical response to
environmental change
Hypothalamus- responsible for
our feelings
Structural and Functional
Organization
6 levels from chemical to
organism
!. Chemical
• Smallest level
• Chemical first because
our body is made up of
chemicals
2. Cellular
• Cells: basic units of
life
• Compartments and
organelles
3. Tissue
• Made up of a group of
cells with a similar
structure that performs a
similar function
4. Organs
• Similar tissues that
group together in
different proportion
5. Organ system
• Group of organs
contributing to some
function
6. Organism
• All organ systems working
together
 Organ System and Major
Function
Integumentary
• Skin, hair, nails, sweat
glands
• Isolation of the body,
protecting the body from
the sun/ environmental
hazard
Skeletal system
• Protects and support body
(soft and vital parts)
• Joints for movements
• Bone marrow produce blood
cells
Muscular
• Construction of muscle
for posture.
• Back muscle work to week
us upright or postured
Nervous
• Control the
sensory/reflex
• Brain,nerves,spinal cord,
motor structure
Endocrine
• Glands; produce growth
hormones that go to the
bone for growth.
• Pancreas, ovary, testis
Lymphatic system
• Immune system; defense
mechanism
Respiratory system
• Lungs, nasal cavities,
pharynx, trachea,
bronchi.
• Brings oxygen to the
blood and remove carbon
dioxide from the body.
Digestive system
• Mouth, esophagus,
stomach,small and large
intestine,rectum,, and
anus.
• Grind or convert food
into a simpler substance
• Eliminate indigestible
waste
• Large intestine absorb
undigested food fluid and
older cell.
Urinary system
• 2 kidneys, 2 bladder and
urethra
• Formation and elimination
of homeostasis
• Filter our excess fluid
from the bloodstream.
Characteristic of life
Organization
• Functional
interrelationship between
parts (similarity)
Metabolism
• Sum of all chemical and
physical change
sustaining an organism
• Ability to acquire and
use energy in support of
these changes
Facts
Chocolate doesn’t make
you/the child hyper, it
won’t reach the brain.
Good hormone is responsible
for it; it is sweet.
Responsiveness EX. Body temp, blood glucose
level, heart and respiratory
• Ability to sense and rate, blood pressure, and
respond to blood cell count.
environmental changes
• Includes both internal Set point
and external
• Normal or average value
environment.
of a variable
Growth
Normal range
• Can increase in size
• The normal extent of
• Size of cells, group of increase or decrease
cells, extracellular around asset point
materials.
Negative feedback loop
Development
• Mechanism that maintains
• Changes in form and size homeostasis.
• Change in cell structure • If there’s a change in
and function from value or it exceeds the
generalized to normal range or
specialized. unbalanced, negative
Difference between growth feedback will balance it
and development
Components of negative
feedback
1. Receptor– detects change
in variable
2. Control center- receives
receptor’s signal.
(Sasabihin kay effector
Homeostasis kung ano gagawin)
3. Effector- the action;
• Balance point directly causes change in
• A state of balance variable. Is a muscle or
among all the body gland that secretes/
systems needed for the produce
body to survive and
function correctly Positive feedback loop
• Maintenance of • Makes it worst
constant internal • Kung tumaas, tataasan pa;
environment pag bumababa, babaan pa
Variables Ex. Lactating, contraction in
• Measure of body property giving birth
that may change in value
Terminology of body planes
Anatomical position
• Person standing erect
with face and palm
forward
• It is called superior
Supine
• Person lying face up palm
downward
Prone
• Person lying face down
(naka dapa)
Superior (cranial)(upper)
• Toward the head end of
the of the body
Inferior (caudal)(lower)
• Away from the head;
Posterior (dorsal)
• Towards back
Anterior (ventral)
• Towards front
Medial
• Towards the midline
Lateral
• Away from the midline
medial
Axial Body
• found around the vertical
axis of the body and
includes the skull,
vertebral column, sternum
(breastbone), and ribs.
Appendicular Body
• consists of the upper and
lower limbs and the
girdles that attach the
limbs to the axial
skeleton.
AX Body AP Body
Proximal (proximity)
 • closer to the axial body; • divide body into superior
towards the trunk and inferior
Distal (distant)

• away from the axial body:

further from the trunk

4 abdominal quadrants

Superficial (surface) Left and right lower quadrant,

left and right upper quadrant
• If we move closer to the
surface of the body
• closer to the surface of
the body
Deep
away from the surface

9 abdominal regions
Right and left hypochondriac,
Epigastric, Right and left
lumbar, Umbilical, Right and
left iliac, Hypogastric region

4 major types of body plane

S- SAGITTAL (VERTICAL)

• divides body from left

and right from top to
bottom
Body Cavities
O- OBLIQUE
• stars from top; ventral
• odd angles and dorsal
F- FRONTAL/ coronal (VERTICAL) • separate; spaces

• divides the body into Mediastinum

anterior and posterior
• space between lungs
T-TRANSVERSE (HORIZONTAL)
Thoracic cavity:

• Space w/in chest wall and

diaphragm contains heart
and lungs
Abdominal Cavity

• Spaces between diaphragm

and pelvis
Pelvic Cavity

• space within the pelvis

FACTS
w/out cavities organs or heart
and thorax will make friction
that will damage them
heart and thorax have diff
cavities
every time heart contract,
blood vessels get cracks and
tissue repairs it.