CHEMISTRY IN DYE INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION
 Dyes are colored organic compounds that are used to
impart color to various substrates, including paper, leather,
fur, hair, drugs, cosmetics, waxes, greases, plastics and
textile materials.
 Dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may
require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the
fabric.
DYE
 The dye has a color due to the presence of chromophore
and its fixed property to the acid or basic groups such as
OH, SO3H, NH2, NR2, etc.
 The polar auxochrome makes the dye water-soluble and
binds the dye to the fabric by interaction with the
oppositely charged groups of fabric structure.
 To be in use, dyes must posses the ff. properties:
 1. Color
 2. Solubility in water
 3. Ability to be absorbed and retained by fibre or to be
chemically combined with it.
 4. Ability to withstand washing, dry cleaning and exposure to
light.
CLASSIFICATION
 Each class of dye has a very unique chemistry, structure
and particular way of bonding. While some dyes can
react chemically with the substrates forming strong
bonds in the process, others can be held by physical
forces. Some ways of classification are:
 Based on the source of materials
 Based on the nature of their respective chromophores
 By methods of application
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE
SOURCE OF THE MATERIALS

 A very common classification of the dye is based on the

source from which it is made. Accordingly, the
classification could be:
 Natural Dyes
 Synthetic Dyes
NATURAL DYE
 Natural dyes are colorants
derived from plants,
invertebrates, or minerals.
 The majority of natural dyes
are vegetable dyes from plant
sources (E.g. roots, berries,
bark, leaves, and wood)
 Other organic sources include
fungi and lichens.
SYNTHETIC DYES
 Synthetic dyes are used
everywhere in everything
from clothes to paper,
from food to wood. This
is because they are
cheaper to produce,
brighter, more color-fast,
and easy to apply to
fabric.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE
CHROMOPHORE PRESENT
 Dyes may be classified according to the type of
chromophores present in their structures.
 1. Nitro and Nitroso Dyes
 2. Azo Dyes
 3. Triarylmethane Dyes
 4. Anthraquinone Dyes
 5. Indigo Dyes
NITRO AND NITROSO DYES
 These dyes contain nitro or nitroso groups as the
chromophores and –OH as auxochrome.
 A few examples are Naphtol yellow S and Mordant
Green 4.

Naphtol yellow S Mordant Green 4

AZO DYES
 Azo dye is a large class of synthetic organic dyes that
contain nitrogen as the azo group -N=N- as primary
chromophore their molecular structures. More than half
the commercial dyes belong to this class. These dyes are
highly coloured and are prepared by diazotizing an
aromatic amine and coupling with suitable aromatic
compound.
 Congo Red

Methyl Orange

Bismarck Brown
TRIARYLMETHANE DYES
 Triarylmethane dyes are synthetic organic compounds
containing triphenylmethane backbones. These
compounds are intensely colored and are produced
industrially.
 In triarylmethane dyes, a central carbon is bonded to
three aromatic rings, one is in the quinoid form.
Auxochromes are NH2, NR2, and OH.
Malachite Green

Phenolphthalein
ANTHRAQUINONE DYES
 Any of a group of organic dyes having molecular
structures based upon that of anthraquinone.

Alizarin

 Alizarin is the main ingridient for the manufacture of the

madder lake pigments known to painters as Rose madder
and Alizarin crimson.
 Alizarin is also used commercially as a red textile dye.
INDIGO DYES
 Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive
blue color. Historically, indigo was a natural dye
extracted from plants. But today, nearly all indigo dyes
are produced synthetically.
 It contains carbonyl chromophore
CLASSIFICATION BY METHODS OF
APPLICATIONS
 Method used for application depnds on the nature of both
dye and pigment.

 They are classified on the basis of technique employed

for their application.
DIRECT DYES

 Carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dye solution

 It contains acidic or basic auxochromes.
 Polar in nature
 Used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk, and nylon.
VAT DYES

 Insoluble in water
 Soluble in sodium hydrosulfide (Na-S-H)

great affinity for cotton and fibers

 Good example of vat dye is indigo
MORDANT DYES

 No natural affinity, used with the help of salts.

 Mordants – Al or Cr oxides salts
 Fiber is first treated with mordant and then with dye
solution (insoluble coordination complex between fiber
and dye)
 Most suitable for wool and nylon
AZOIC DYES
 Water insoluble
 Two components react to produce the dye, usually
Phenol or Napththol or Aniline.
 This method of dyeing cotton is declining in importance
due to the toxic natureof the chemicals used.
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER
Answer at your own risk or dye
 1. Dyes are colored organic compounds that are used to
impart color to various substrates, including:
 A. Paper
 B. Waxes
 C. Metals
 D. All of the above
 2. Which of the following is cheaper to produce?
 A. Synthetic Dyes
 B. Natural Dyes
 C. Direct Dyes
 D. None of the above
 3. Which of the following is the main ingredient in
anthraquinone dye?
 A. Phenolphthalein
 B. Alizarin
 C. Mordant
 D. Indigo
 4. Which of the following solution does a dye need to be
applied at?
 A. Dry Solution
 B. Gaseous Solution
 C. Aqueous Solution
 D. None of the above
 5. Which of the following is the formula of
anthraquinone?
 A. C12H6O2
 B. C14H8O2
 C. C10H8O2
 D. C10H6O2
 6. What is the color of Alizarin?
 A. Red
 B. Green
 C. Blue
 D. Yellow
 7. Anthraquinone is soluble because it is made of what
acid?
 A. ascorbic acid
 B. nitric acid
 C. sulfonic acid
 D. sulfuric acid
 8. Which of the following the other sources of natural
dye?
 A. wood
 B. algae
 C. leaves
 D. All of the above
 9. Which is a classification of dye based on the
chromophore present?
 A. Natural Dye
 B. Synthetic Dye
 C. Direct Dye
 D. Azo Dye
 10. Which of the following has a distictive blue color?
 A. Sky Blue Dye
 B. Dark Blue Dye
 C. Indigo Dye
 D. Alizarin Blue Dye
 11. One of the following dye contains basic or acidic
auxochromes, which one is it?
 A. Vat Dye
 B. Direct Dye
 C. Mordant Dye
 D. Azoic Dye
 12. All of the following is needed in a dye. Which is
NOT a property of it?
 A. Solubility
 B. Insolubility
 C. Color
 D. Withstand water
 13. Which dye is more suitable for wool or nylon?
 A. Mordant Dye
 B. Azo Dye
 C. Direct Dye
 D. Indigo Dye
 14. Which of the following dye that is soluble in water?
 A. Azo Dye
 B. Anthraquinone Dye
 C. Mordant Dye
 D. None of the above
 15. All of them are examples of azo dyes EXCEPT:
 A. Bismarck Brown
 B. Malachite Green
 C. Congo red
 D. Methyl Orange
 16-17. What are the classification of dyes based on the
source of the materials?
 18-21. What are the classification of dyes by methods of
applications?
 22-26. What are the classification of dyes based on the
chromophore present?
 27-29. Give 3 properties a dye must posses/have
 30. Who discovered dye?
ANSWERS:
1. A or B 11. B
2. A 12. B
3. B 13. C
4. C 14. D
5. B 15. B
6. A 16-29. adda amin dita slides’n
7. C 30. William Henry Perkin
8. B
9. D
10. C