ICH 204 ( CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY)

BY : Dr. I. K. Ayinla

Outlines

1. Survey of Nigeria Chemical Industries and their raw material

requirement
2. Renewable and non renewable resources
3. Energy sources and depletion
4. Environmental effect of chemicals
5. Potential and application of locally available raw materials as
industrial feed stocks.
Survey of Nigeria Chemical Industries and their raw material
requirement

What is a Chemical?
A chemical on the other hand is a substance used in or produced
by the process of chemistry. A chemical has a defined atomic or
molecular structure that results from, or takes part in reactions
involving changes in its structure, composition and properties.

Forinstance, the common table salt which is chemically called

sodium
chloride, NaCl is produced by the reaction of sodium (Na) with
chlorine (Cl) atoms:

Na + ½Cl2 NaCl (s) (g)

Industry and Technology

Industry is organized economic activity connected

with the production, manufacture or construction of a
particular product or
range of products.

Technology is the study of development and

application of devices, machines (or tools), methods
for manufacturing and productive processes.
Development is the process of changing and becoming
larger, stronger, more impressive, successful or
advanced.
The principal chemical conversions in industries in Nigeria are:
Acylation, Alcoholysis,
Alkalation, Amination,
Diazotis and coupling,
fermentation, combustion,
Pyrolysis or cracking,
Reduction, Oxidation,
Esterification, Dehydration,
Condensation, Calcination,
Halogenation,
Hydrolysis, Nitration etc.
Nigeria Industries
Factors Affecting Location of Industries
1. Raw materials 2. Infrastructural facility
3. Communication 4. Labour
5. Transportation 6. Market etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICALS
 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF SELECTED NIGERIA INDUSTRIES
GLASS INDUSTRIES CEMENT / BUILDING MATERIALS IND.
. Oluwa Glass ( Okitipupa ondo state) Elephant cement- Ewekoro Sagamu
.toyo metal box glass ( Ota Ogun State) Dangote cement- Obajana Kogi State
Asaka cement –Gombe
CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL GLASS Lime cement Benue state
Fused silica, alkali silica; soda lime glass Portlane cement
Lead glass; boron glass; special glass RAW MATERIAL
LIMESTONE
RAW MATERIAL PROCESS OF CEMENT
Limestone (CaCO3) containing varying amount of
Silica (SiO2 ), SODA ASH, SALT CAKE, magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) is used as raw
LIME STONE,LEAD OXIDE ETC. material for the manufacture of lime. Lime is
manufacture by calcing (heating) the crushed
limestone to the temperature of 900 – 1100.
CERAMIC INDUSTRIES
Basic Raw Material and Fluxes
The three main raw materials used in making ceramic products are
Clay
Feldspar
Sand
Clays are more or less impure hydrated aluminium silicates that have resulted from the
weathering of igneous rocks in which feldspar is original material.
 SURFACE COATING INDUSTRY
Surface coatings include:
Paints – Relatively opaque solid coatings applied as thin layers, where films are usually
produced to protect or hide the surface. The film produced may be as a result of the
polymerization of a poly-unsaturated oil.
Varnishes – They are clear coatings, non pigmented.
Enamels – They are pigmented varnishers.
Lacquers – Films formed by evaporation only.
Others are printing ink, polishes etc.
PAINTS INDUTRIES
The major types of paints common in Nigeria are –
1. Emulsion paint – This is a water base paint. Here the solvent or vehicle is water.
2. Gloss – This is oil base or resinous or organic solvents e.g. ketone, toluene, kerosine.
However, a paint can be decorative or industrial in application.
PAINT CONSTITUENTS
Resins – Film former.
Synthetic resins – Alkyd, acrylics, winyls, esters, phenolic.
Natural – Shellac, rosin and ethers.
Solvents – Ketones, water, alcohol, glycol ethers etc.
Drying oil and fatty acids – Inseed oils, soybean oil, fatty acid, coconut oil etc.
Pigment and extender – Titanium dioxide, CaCO3, magnesium silicates, zinc oxide, red lead etc.
Driers – Cobalt, manganese, lead and zinc etc.
Plasticizers – esters of phthalic, sebasic, adipit acids.
DETERGENTS INDUSTRIES
Detergent Raw Material
A large volume of active organic compounds or
surfactants, for both detergents and soaps are
manufactured in final form by soap and detergent
companies. Examples are linear alkylbenzene
sulfonate (LAS) and fatty alcohol sulfonate. Most of the
inorganic materials are purchased such
as oleum, caustic soda, various sodium phosphates and
a large number of additives.
CHEMICAL FORMATION AND CLEANING EFFECT OF DETERGENT

CLEANING EFFECT OF DETERGENT

 THANKS FOR LISTING

ASSIGMENT
READY MORE ABOUT OTHER INDUSTRIES IN THE UPLOADED MATERIAL .