Third Secondary (L: S Section)

Charity High School - Mreijeh
Scholastic Year: 2020/2021
Third Secondary
( LS Section)
Class code: sm23lu5
LIFE SCIENCE
Proteinsynthesis, Prerequisite
Teacher: LINA WEHBE

I- Molecules produced from the information contained in genes.

We know since the last year that genes (DNA portion) carry genetic information.
1. What is the role of genetic information in genes?
2. What makes it possible to produce / synthesize the genetic information

contained in a gene?
A gene is therefore a portion of DNA whose nucleotide sequence contains the

information necessary for the manufacture of a given protein.
So there is a relationship between DNA and protein.
Supports Notions built
Proteins:
molecules Function of protein
essential for the A Protein is an organic molecule made up of a chain of amino acids.
functioning of Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence. This sequence
cells determines the shape of the protein and therefore its properties
(functions of the protein).
Function of
Sequence of AA Form of protein (linked to the protein
non-peptide bonds between
AA)
II) Stages of gene expression: from gene to protein

Localization of the synthesis of polypeptide chains.
Problem: Where
does protein
synthesis take place
Synthesis
in the cell?
Gene of
coding protein X
the Nucleus
protein X
Relation between DNA and Protein
Review:
Autoradiography studies show that polypeptide chains are assembled in the
cytoplasm.
There is necessarily communication inside the cell between DNA (which gives the
code for the production of polypeptide chains) and the cytoplasm
•An intermediary between DNA and proteins

•Problem: What is the intermediary between DNA and protein?( Pulse & Chase)
Nucleus CYTOPLASM
Synthesis of
protein X
Gene coding
the
mRNA
formation of
protein X
Translation
Transcription
RNA is a molecule that forms in the nucleus and then travels to the cytoplasm. This
molecule is an intermediary between the nucleus, containing DNA and therefore
genetic information to produce proteins, and the cytoplasm, where proteins are
synthesized.
MRNA (for messenger) allows the transfer of information
genetic to the place of protein synthesis, a sort of "photocopy that can be exported
outside the nucleus of genes".
Review:
Transcription takes place in the nucleus.
It takes place on a strand of DNA called a transcribed strand (the other is
the untranscribed strand).
This transcription takes place by successively attaching complementary

nucleotides to the transcribed strand forming an mRNA molecule.
Thanks to an enzyme (protein) called RNA polymerase, the two strands of

DNA separate and mRNA is formed.
The resulting mRNA molecule detaches from the transcribed strand as the
enzyme moves and the two DNA strands "stick together". The resulting
mRNA molecule crosses the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm at the
ribosome level.
Several mRNA molecules can be synthesized from the same gene.

Problem: What are the characteristics of the mRNA molecule?
RNA or ribonucleic acid is a molecule made up of a single strand of

nucleotides.
 Each nucleotide contains one nitrogenous base among 4 (Adenine,

Cytosine, Guanine and Uracil which replaces Thymine).

MRNA is synthesized from one of the strands of the DNA molecule
(transcribed strand), by base complementarity.
So mRNA has the same nucleotide sequence as the untranscribed strand
of DNA, so the same information.
Comparative table of the molecule DNA & mRNA :

Nature Nature Number Length of Example
of sugar of of the
nitroge strands molecule
n base
DNA Deoxy- A,T, C,G 2 Very long TAACCGTAGTT (transcribed strand)

ribose contaning ATTGGCATCAA (non transcribed
strand)
many genes
RNA Ribose A,U,C,G 1 Short

molecule that Transcription
contains
information
leading to the AUUGGCAUCAA
formation of
1 protein
C- The translation of mRNA in protein.

System of correspondance between nucleotides & amino acids
Problem : How does the genetic code, the system of correspondence
between nucleotides in RNA and amino acids in proteins, function?
There is therefore a system of correspondence between the nucleotides of RNA

and the amino acids of the protein. This system corresponds to the genetic code
(the table of correspondence between the 64 possible codons of nucleotides and the
20 existing amino acids).
The genetic code has the following characteristics: It is unambiguous: a codon
of nucleotides corresponds to one amino acid and only one, always the same.
The genetic code is redundant: it means that several codons designate the same
amino acid (because codons are more numerous than types of amino acids).
The genetic code contains 3 stop codons: 3 codons out of 64 do not

correspond to any amino acid. These are stop codons. These are signals to
stop protein synthesis.
The genetic code contains an initiator codon (AUG), signaling the start
of the production of the protein. This codon codes for an amino acid,
methionine, which is therefore the 1st amino acid of all proteins.
The genetic code is universal: With a few exceptions, it is common to

all living things. So whatever the living being (bacteria, plant, human
being), the genetic code is the same.
Example of the production of human GH by transgenic mice. This

explains why following transgenesis, a mouse is able to correctly use a
message from a human gene.
The translation : Synthesis of proteins from the mRNA.

Translation takes place in the cytoplasm.
“It starts with the initiation: the presence of an initiation codon (AUG) on
the mRNA starts the assembly of amino acids. This codon codes for the amino
acid methionine.
It continues with the assembly of amino acids in the order indicated by the
codon order of the mRNA. The nucleotide match of mRNA, amino acids in the
protein, respects the genetic code.
It ends when one of the three stop codons on the mRNA is read.
The same mRNA molecule will make it possible to translate several identical
polypeptide chains.
The genetic code is the system of correspondence involved in the translation

of this information.
Exercices d’applications :
Exercise 1:
The strand schematized opposite belongs to a DNA molecule:
1. Justify this statement.
2. Complete this molecule by explaining your approach.
3. With the strand opposite being the transcribed DNA strand, write the
strand of messenger RNA.
4. Using the genetic code, establish the sequence of amino acids.
Exercise 2:
In mammals, the post-pituitary gland produces hormones of a polypeptide nature:
oxytocin, which promotes uterine contractions.
Extract of the base sequence of the portion of DNA not transcribed for oxytocin:
T G C T A C AT C C A G A A C T G C C C C C T G G G C
1. Write the corresponding messenger RNA strand2
2. Write the sequence of amino acids corresponding to the messenger RNA.
Correction :
Exercise 1
The strand shown on the left belongs to a DNA molecule:
1. Because this strand has nitrogenous bases T.
2. Approach: by basic complementarity, it is necessary to
position an A in front of a T and a G in front of a C.
3. mRNA: GGCUAUCCGAUACUA.
4. Protein: Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Leu.
Exercise 2
In mammals, the post-pituitary gland produces hormones of a polypeptide nature:
oxytocin, which promotes uterine contractions.
Extract of the base sequence of the portion of DNA not transcribed for oxytocin:
T G C TA C AT C C A G AA C T G C C C C C T G G G C
1. mRNA: U G C U A C A U C C A G A A C U G C C C C C U G G G C
2. Protein: Cys---Tyr---Ile—Gln—Asn –Cys –Pro –Leu -Gly.

- Only the coding parts of

DNA contain the
information for the
synthesis of a protein.
98.5% of the DNA in our
cells is not genes (so it
doesn't code for any
protein).
III) The same gene at

the origin of
different proteins.
Problem: How to
explain that the same
gene can form several
proteins?
We can schematize the
modifications undergone
in the studied case
The cutting of the pre-messenger RNA is called splicing OR maturation

It can be different between cell types for the same gene.
The parts that are conserved to form mRNA are called exons. The parts that are
never conserved in mRNA are called introns.
The same pre-messenger RNA can undergo, depending on the context,

different maturation and therefore be the source of several different proteins
Calcitonin is a hormone. Calcitonin is involved in the regulation of calcium and

phosphate levels in the blood
The peptide linked to the calcitonin gene (PRGC) (or calcitonin gene-related
peptide CGRP) is one of the mediators of pain just like substance P. The peptide is
composed of 37 amino acids and is synthesized by an alternative splicing of the
gene for calcitonin located on human chromosome 11.

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Charity High School - Mreijeh

Scholastic Year: 2020/2021

Teacher: LINA WEHBE

I- Molecules produced from the information contained in genes.

1. What is the role of genetic information in genes?

2. What makes it possible to produce / synthesize the genetic information

A gene is therefore a portion of DNA whose nucleotide sequence contains the

Supports Notions built

II) Stages of gene expression: from gene to protein

Relation between DNA and Protein

•An intermediary between DNA and proteins

This transcription takes place by successively attaching complementary

Thanks to an enzyme (protein) called RNA polymerase, the two strands of

Several mRNA molecules can be synthesized from the same gene.

Problem: What are the characteristics of the mRNA molecule?

RNA or ribonucleic acid is a molecule made up of a single strand of

 Each nucleotide contains one nitrogenous base among 4 (Adenine,

Comparative table of the molecule DNA & mRNA :

DNA Deoxy- A,T, C,G 2 Very long TAACCGTAGTT (transcribed strand)

RNA Ribose A,U,C,G 1 Short

C- The translation of mRNA in protein.

There is therefore a system of correspondence between the nucleotides of RNA

The genetic code contains 3 stop codons: 3 codons out of 64 do not

The genetic code is universal: With a few exceptions, it is common to

Example of the production of human GH by transgenic mice. This

The translation : Synthesis of proteins from the mRNA.

The genetic code is the system of correspondence involved in the translation

2. Protein: Cys---Tyr---Ile—Gln—Asn –Cys –Pro –Leu -Gly.

- Only the coding parts of

III) The same gene at

The cutting of the pre-messenger RNA is called splicing OR maturation

The same pre-messenger RNA can undergo, depending on the context,

Calcitonin is a hormone. Calcitonin is involved in the regulation of calcium and

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