COMSATS

Principles of Communication Systems (PCS)

EEE 351

Lecture # 05
Analog Modulation
(Amplitude Modulation II)
COMSATS PCS
Upper and Lower Side Bands
• Usually the modulating data
consists of a band of
frequencies.
• This band of frequencies results
in upper and lower side bands
of frequencies after modulation
which are known as Upper and
Lower Side Bands.
• These side bands are denoted
as USB and LSB respectively.
• For a modulated signal with
USB and LSB, the Bandwidth is
defined as the difference
between the maximum
frequency of USB and
minimum frequency of LSB.
• It can be calculated as
Bandwidth= 2 x fm(max)
B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.3
An audio signal given by 15sin2π2000t amplitude modulates a sinusoidal carrier
wave 60sin2π100,000t. Determine Modulation Index, Percent Modulation,
Frequencies of signal and carrier, frequency spectrum of the modulated wave.
Solution:
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Design Problem
• Example 66.4
A bandwidth of 15MHz is available for AM transmission. If the maximum audio signal
frequency used for modulating the carrier is not to exceed 15kHz, how many stations
can broadcast within this band simultaneously without interfering with each other?
Solution:
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Design Problem
• Example 66.5
In a broadcasting studio, a 1000kHz carrier is modulated by an audio signal of frequency
range100-5000Hz. Find (i) width or frequency range of side bands (ii) maximum and
minimum frequencies of USB (iii) maximum and minimum frequencies of LSB and (iv)
width of the channel.
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Mathematical Analysis of Modulated Carrier

Wave

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Mathematical Analysis of Modulated Carrier

Wave

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS
Power Relations in AM Wave
• An amplitude modulated wave has
three major components
– Original Carrier wave of amplitude A.
– USF wave of amplitude (mA/2).
– LSF wave of amplitude (mA/2).
• To calculate the total power content
of an AM wave, the individual power
components are calculated and
summed together.
• Let
– Pc = Carrier Power.
– PUSB= USB Power.
– PLSB = LSB Power
PCS
• Power radiated by a wave through
antenna is proportional to the
square of the amplitude
Power ∝ (Amplitude)2
• Carrier Power, PC
PC ∝ A2 =KA2.
• USB Power, PUSB
PUSB ∝ (B/2)2 =KB2/4
• LSB Power, PLSB
PLSB ∝ (B/2)2 =KB2/4
COMSATS
Power Relations in AM Wave
• Total Sideband Power, PSB
PSB = KB2/4 +KB2/4= KB2/2
• Total Power Radiated from antenna,
PT
PT = PC + PSB
PT = KA2 + KB2/2
Putting B=mA and simplifying
PT = KA2 [1+ (m2/2)]
Putting KA2 = PC
PT = PC [1+ (m2/2)]
PT = PC [(2+ m2)/2]
PCS
• PC = PT [2/(2+ m2)]
• Total Sideband Power(PSB) is
difference between power
transmitted (PT) and power of the
carrier wave (PC)
PSB = PT - PC = PC [1+ (m2/2)] - PC
PSB = (m2/2)PC = [m2/(2+m2)]PT
• PUSB= PLSB=½ PSB= ½[m2/(2+m2)]PT
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Power Relations in AM Wave

• Considering a case where m=1 or • PSB= (1/2) PC
100% = 50% of Carrier Power

• PT = 1.5PC = 1.5 x Carrier Power • (PUSB /PT)= (PUSB /PT)

= (0.25 PC /1.5 PC)= 1/6
• PC = (2/3)PT
= (2/3) x Total Radiated Power

• PUSB= PLSB=(1/4)PC
= 25% of Carrier Power
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.7
The total power content of an AM wave is 1500W. For 100% modulation ,
determine (i) Power transmitted by carrier and (ii) Power Transmitted by
each sideband.
Solution:
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Design Problem
• Example 66.8
The total power content of an AM wave is 2.64kW at the percent
modulation of 80%. Determine the power content of (i) Carrier and (ii) Each
Sideband.
Solution:
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Design Problem
• Example 66.9
A transmitter used for radio telephone has an unmodulated carrier power of 10 kW and
can be modulated to a maximum of 80% by a single frequency signal before
overloading. Find the value to which carrier power can be increased if the 50%
modulation limit is imposed.
Solution:
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Design Problem
• Example 66.10
A certain transmitter radiated 10kW of power with the carrier unmodulated and 11.8
kW with the carrier modulated by sinusoid. Find (i) Percent modulation and (ii) If
another wave modulated to 40 % is also transmitted , calculate the radiated power.
Solution:
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Forms of Amplitude Modulation

• Standard AM wave contains a carrier • Depending upon the component
and two side bands and is generally suppresses or removed, there are
referred to as Double Side Band- Full three forms of Amplitude
Carrier (DSB-FC). modulation(AM).

• In DSB-FC, carrier conveys no

information while the two side bands
• These forms include
are exact replicas of each other and – Double Sideband- Suppressed
hence carry the same information. Carrier, (DSB-SC)
– Single Sideband-Transmitted
• Carrier, (SSB-TC)
On the basis of above mentioned
reasons, it is possible to suppress the – Single Sideband- Suppressed
carrier or one side band or both the Carrier, SSB-SC
carrier and a sideband without any
loss of information.
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Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier (DSB-

SC)
• In this system, the carrier is suppressed and sidebands are transmitted
only. For 100% modulation (m=1), carrier signal contains 2/3 of the total
transmitted power.

• With m=1, suppression of the carrier saves 2/3 of the total transmitted
power(Approximately 66.67% of PT).

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Single Sideband-Transmitted Carrier (SSB-TC)

• In this case, one sideband is suppressed and carrier along with the other
sideband is transmitted. For 100% modulation (m=1), the total power
content of one sideband is equal to 1/6 of the total transmitted power.

• With m=1, suppression of only one sideband saves 1/6 of the total
transmitted power(Approximately 16.67% of PT).

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Single Sideband-Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)

• In this case, carrier along with one side band is suppressed and only one
sideband is transmitted. For 100% modulation(m=1), the total power content
of carrier and one sideband is equal to 5/6 of the total transmitted power.

• With m=1, suppression of carrier and one sideband saves 5/6 of the total
transmitted power (Approximately 83.34% of P T).

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Advantages of SSB-SC
• Power Conservation (Approximately 83.34%).
• Bandwidth Conservation (Approximately 50%).
• Lesser Power Supply Requirement (Battery size is reduced as a result).
• Less Noise (Smaller Bandwidth causes lesser accumulation of noise).

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.