COMSATS SP 2020 (Rev. 1.

0)

Principles of Communication Systems (PCS)

EEE 351

Lecture # 08
Analog Modulation
Frequency Modulation & Comparative
Analysis of Analog Modulation Techniques
COMSATS PCS

FM Sidebands
• Theoretically, during Frequency • A Frequency Modulated signal
Modulation, an infinite number of consists of the following
side bands are formed. frequencies
fo fo±fm fo ±2fm fo ±3fm
• Only few of these sidebands with
significant strength are considered for
practical purposes. • B.W= 2nfm OR B.W=2(1 + mf)fm
B.W= 2(Δf + fm)
• The sidebands of an FM signal lie
symmetrically on both sides of the
carrier frequency at equal distances
with equal amplitudes.

• The spacing between these sidebands

is equal to the modulating frequency.
B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Modulation Index and Number of FM

Sidebands
• The number of sidebands depends • The number of side bands increases
– Directly on the amplitude of the when the modulating frequency
modulating signal.
decreases.
– Inversely on the frequency of the
modulating signal.
• What is the relation of modulation
• Modulation Index (mf)= Δf/fm index with number of sidebands?
– Δf ∝ amplitude of the modulating
signal.

• This implies that the number of

sidebands increases as frequency
deviation Δf increases. The increase in
frequency deviation occurs when the
amplitude of the modulating signal
increases.
B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Modulation Index and Number of FM

Sidebands

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.15:
A 5 kHz audio signal is used to frequency modulate a 100 MHz carrier
causing a frequency deviation of 20kHz. Determine (a) Modulation Index
(b) Bandwidth of the FM signal.
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.16:
In an FM circuit, modulation Index is 10 and the highest modulation
frequency is 20 kHz. What is the approximate bandwidth of the resultant
FM signal?
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Mathematical Expression of FM Wave

• The unmodulated carrier is given by
– ec= Asin2πfot

• The modulating signal frequency is given as

– em= Bsin2πfmt

• The modulated carrier frequency is given by

– f= fo+Δf sin2πfmt

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Phase Modulation
• Left as a reading exercise for students. Students are required to search
– The basics of Phase Modulation.
– The reason for less frequent use of Phase Modulation as compared to
Frequency Modulation.
COMSATS
Comparative Analysis
AM
• Poor sound quality.
• Long transmission distances.
• Cheaper & easier to implement.
• Smaller bandwidth.
• More simultaneous transmissions
possible due to smaller bandwidth.
• Frequency Range: 535-1705 kHz
PCS
FM
• Better sound quality because of lesser
interference in frequency.
• Short transmission distances.
• Expensive & complex to implement.
• Larger bandwidth.
• Lesser simultaneous transmissions
possible.
• Frequency Range: 88-108 MHz
COMSATS PCS

References
[1] B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical
Engineering, Volume IV.