Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Muhammad Faizan Malik

 8051 Microcontroller

Architecture

2
Organization
 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
 Introduction

 8051 Microcontroller
 Introduction
 Architecture
 Hardware
 Port Internal Structure
 RAM
 Special Function Register

4
 What is a microprocessor?

 What is a microcontroller?

 What are the differences between both?

 Which one is better?

5
What is a Microprocessor
 A Microprocessor is the Central Processing Unit (CPU) of
a computer constructed within a single chip

 To make a complete Microcomputer, it needs to be

connected to
 Memory to store data and programs
 RAM
 ROM
 Input / Output devices to communicate with surroundings
 Control Circuits

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Microprocessor
Introduced in 1971

 Intel 8080
 Motorola 6800
 RCA 1801
 Zilog Z80

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Inside CPU
 Registers
 Temporarily store information
 Could be 8/ 16 / 32 bit
 Bigger the register size, better the CPU. But cost increases with
increase in number of bits
 ALU
 Performs arithmetic and logical functions e.g. Sum, AND, NOT etc
 Program Counter (PC)
 Points to the address of next instruction to be executed
 Contents of PC are placed on address bus to fetch the desired
instruction
 Instruction Decoder
 To interpret the instruction fetched into CPU

8
Inside CPU

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Execution of an Instruction
Fetch / Execute Cycle – The operations to execute an instruction are
 Contents of PC are placed on the Address Bus
 A Read Control Signal is activated
 The data (or Op code) are read from memory and placed on data
bus
 The op code is latched into CPU internal instruction register
 PC is incremented to prepare for next fetch from memory

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Execution of an Instruction

 After performing 1 fetch / execute cycle, computer

repeats this procedure forever – this is all computer does

 Important Note: Sequencing is all done automatically by

processor’s Control Unit
 All the programmer has to do is to put the list of instructions in
memory and set the PC to point to the first instruction

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What is a Microcontroller?
 A Microcontroller is a microcomputer in a single chip

 Microcontroller is microprocessor plus memory plus IO

devices plus control circuits, all integrated in a chip

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Microcontroller

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Microcontroller
 A microcontroller can be as powerful as far larger
machines of few years ago

 There are many more embedded microcontroller based

systems in the world than PCs

 A ready made processor + IO + Memory + Control Circuits

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Common Microcontroller Manufacturers
 AMCC
 Altera
 Analog Devices
 Atmel
 Charmed Labs
 Cypress Semiconductor
 Dallas Semiconductor
 ELAN Microelectronics Corp.
 Energy Micro AS
 EPSON Semiconductor
 Freescale Semiconductor
 Fujitsu
 Holtek
 Infineon
 Intel
 Lattice Semiconductor
 Microchip Technology

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_microcontrollers
Common Microcontroller Manufacturers
 National Semiconductor
 NEC
 Parallax
 NXP Semiconductors
 Rabbit Semiconductor
 Renesas Electronics
 SiLabs
 Silicon Motion
 Sony
 STMicroelectronics
 Texas Instruments
 Toshiba
 Ubicom
 Xemics
 Xilinx
 ZiLOG

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_microcontrollers
Market Share - 2007

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EMITT Solutions, www.emittsolutions.com
Top Growing Architectures 2006 - 2007

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EMITT Solutions, www.emittsolutions.com
Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor
 Chip does not have RAM,
ROM, timer etc. Requires
additional circuitry
 High power requirement
 Operates on large volume
of nibble, byte and word
 No bit addressing
 Faster
 More number of pins
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Microcontroller
 Chip has RAM, ROM,
timer etc. Requires no
additional circuitry
 Low power requirement
 Operates on small
volumes of data bit and
byte
 Can address bits
 Slower
 Less number of pins
Choosing a Microcontroller
1. Meeting computing needs of the task efficiently
 Speed
 Power consumption
 RAM and ROM
 Number of I/Os
 Cost

2. How easy is it to develop product around it

 Availability of assembler, a code efficient C language
 Debugger, simulator or emulator

3. Readily available in market or not?

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 8051 Microcontroller

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Microcontroller
 Intel – 1976
 8748 (MCS 48 Family)
 1700 transistors
 1 kB EPROM
 64 bytes RAM
 27 I/O lines
 8 bit timer

 Used as a video game console and in IBM PC keyboard

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Microcontroller
 Intel – 1979
 MCS 41 Family
 2 kB of program memory
 128 bytes of data RAM
 40 pin package
 8 bit timer

 Used in keyboard and for simple applications

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Microcontroller
 Intel – 1980
 8051 (MCS 51 Family)
 60,000 transistors
 4 kB ROM
 128 bytes of RAM
 32 I/O lines
 Two 16 bit timers
 Serial Port
 64 K External Code Memory Space
 64 K External Data Memory Space

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Various 8051 Manufacturers
Over 1000 versions of 8051

 Intel
 Atmel
 Dallas
 AMD
 Infineon
 SiLabs
 Philips
 Seimens
 And many more

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8051 by Atmel
 AT89C51
 Flash memory
 Electrical ROM burner required to
 Erase and
 Program
 Fast erasing as compared to UV erase which took around 20
minutes
 AT89C51-12PC by Atmel
 AT stands for Atmel
 C for CMOS – low power consumption
 12 indicates frequency of 12 Mhz
 P for Plastic DIP package
 C for commercial (for military M is used instead of C)
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Block Diagram 8051

27
Detailed Block Diagram - 8051

28
 Detailed Block Diagram - 8051

External interrupts
On-chip Timer/Counter

Interrupt ROM for

On-chip Timer 1 Counter
Control program
code RAM Timer 0 Inputs

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports
OSC Control Port

P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD
Address/Data

29 Block Diagram
Pin Description 8051

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Pin Configuration
Pin Description 8051
 4 IO Ports
 Port 0 (P0.0 to P0.7)
 Port 1
 Port 2
 Port 3

 Vcc – 5 volts
 Vss – Gnd

 Oscillator
 XTAL1
 XTAL2

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Pin Description 8051
 4 IO Ports
 Port 0 (P0.0 to P0.7)
 Port 1
 Port 2
 Port 3

 Vcc – 5 volts
 Vss – Gnd

 Oscillator
 XTAL1
 XTAL2

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8051 Hardware
Alternate Functions - Port 3

 Serial Port
 P3.0 : Serial Input (RXD)
 P3.1 : Serial Output (TXD)

 External Interrupt
 P3.2 : External Interrupt 0 (INT0)
 P3.3 : External Interrupt 1(INT1)

 Timers / Counters
 P3.4 : Timer 0 External Input
 P3.5 : Timer 1 External Input

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8051 Hardware
Alternate Functions - Port 3

 Serial Port
 P3.0 : Serial Input (RXD)
 P3.1 : Serial Output (TXD)

 External Interrupt
 P3.2 : External Interrupt 0 (INT0)
 P3.3 : External Interrupt 1(INT1)

 Timers / Counters
 P3.4 : Timer 0 External Input
 P3.5 : Timer 1 External Input

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8051 Hardware
Special Pins

 ALE /
 Address Latch Enable
 Used to access external memory
 ALE = 1 for latching address on P0
 ALE = 0 for using P0 as data

 .
 Program Store Enable
 Output pin connected to external
memory (if used)

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8051 Hardware
Special Pins

 .
 External Access Enable
 Should be strapped to Vcc for
internal memory usage
 EA = 1 for internal code
 EA = 0 for external code

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8051 Hardware
Special Pins
 Oscillator (XTAL1 & XTAL2)
 Crystal 11.059 Mhz available
 Use following circuit

C1 = C2 = 30 pF ± 10 pF for crystals
33 pF easily available
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8051 Hardware
Special Pins

 Reset Pin
 Normally 0
 1 to reset the controller
 Following circuit may be used

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8051 Hardware
 Reset Pin

Reset Circuit
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8051 Hardware

Hardware Considerations

 Buffers
 To provide current on IO pins
 To avoid loading on microcontroller
 Bidirectional Buffer on ports
 Ports are bidirectional
 Used for Input as well as Output

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8051 Hardware
Hardware Considerations
 Port 0 Requires external Pull Up

Vcc
10
K
P0.0

Port
8051
0
P0.7
SIP Register Bank is locally
available
41
8051 Hardware

Good Hardware Practice – Make Generic Board

 Connectors
 Voltage Regulator
 LEDs on all IO Ports (SIP LED Banks locally available)
 Buffers
 40 Pin Base / Ziff

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Memory

51
Memory
 Internal On-Chip Memory
 Internal RAM (Data)
 Register Banks
 Bit Addressable Memory
 General Purpose Storage
 Accumulators
 Accumulators
 Special Function Registers
 Internal ROM (Code)
 Look-up tables can also be saved

 External Memory
 ROM (External Code Memory)
 RAM (External Data Memory)

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Internal
Memory

53
 Internal
Memory
General Purpose
RAM

Bit-Addressable
Locations

Register Banks

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Register Banks

 4 Register Banks
 At a time only 1 Register Bank is active

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Bit Addressable RAM

 Bits can directly be accessed

 Read bits
 Write
 0
 1

What if bits are not directly

accessible?

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General Purpose RAM

57
Special Function
Registers

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Special Function Registers

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 Special Function Registers
P0 – Port 0
 Address: 80h
 Bit-Addressable
 Each bit corresponds to
pin of the port
 Writing 1 to a bit will
set the corresponding
pin HIGH and vice
versa

60
 Special Function Registers
SP – Stack Pointer
 Address: 81h
 Points to current stack
location
 Modified (automatically)
by instructions
 PUSH
 POP etc

61
 Special Function Registers
PCON – Power Control
 Address: 87h
 To control power modes
 Certain modes allow 8051
to go in ‘Sleep’ mode
which requires less power

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PCON

o SMOD – Doubles the baud rate of Serial Port

o GF1 – General Purpose Flag Bit 1
o GF0 – General Purpose Flag Bit 0
o PD – Power Down; sets the power down mode, only
exit is Reset
o IDL – Idle Mode; activates Idle Mode, only exit is
Interrupt or Reset

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PCON
Power Down Mode
 Instruction that sets PD will be the last instruction that
will be executed before entering Power Down Mode
 Clock to CPU, Interrupt, Timer and Serial Port is cut off
 On-chip RAM contents are retained
 Port Pins retain their logic level
 Only exit is system reset
 Vcc can be as low as 2 volts

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PCON
Idle (or Sleep) Mode
 Instruction that sets IDL will be the last instruction that
will be executed before entering Idle Mode
 Clock to CPU is cut off but not to Interrupt, Timer and
Serial Port is cut off
 On-chip RAM contents, CPU status and registers are
retained
 Port Pins retain their logic level
 Exit when either
 Interrupt or
 Reset

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 Special Function Registers
TCON – Timer Control
 Address: 88h
 Bit addressable
 Controls timers
 Run
 Stop
 Flags to indicate overflow

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 Special Function Registers
TMOD – Timer Mode
 Address: 89h
 Configures modes of
timers
 16 bit
 13 bit
 8 bit

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 Special Function Registers
TL0 / TH0 – Timer 0 Bytes
 Address: 8Ah / 8Ch
TL1 / TH1 – Timer 1 Bytes
 Address: 8Bh / 8Dh

 Both bytes make a 16 bit

number
 Value of Timer

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 Special Function Registers
P1 – Port 1
 Address: 80h
 Bit-Addressable
 Each bit corresponds to
pin of the port
 Writing 1 to a bit will
set the corresponding
pin HIGH and vice
versa

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 Special Function Registers
SCON – Serial Control
 Address: 98h
 Bit-Addressable
 Controls the on-chip
Serial Port

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 Special Function Registers
SBUF – Serial Buffer
 Address: 99h
 Used to receive or
transmit the data through
serial port
 Value stored in SBUF is
transmitted
 Value received by serial
port is stored in SBUF

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 Special Function Registers
P2 – Port 2
 Address: A0h
 Bit-Addressable
 Each bit corresponds to
pin of the port
 Writing 1 to a bit will
set the corresponding
pin HIGH and vice
versa

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 Special Function Registers
IE – Interrupt Enable
 Address: A8h
 Used to enable (or
disable) specific
interrupts
 A bit for every interrupt
 0 means interrupt
is disabled
 1 means interrupt enable
 Global Enable
 1 = interrupts enabled
according to the corresponding bits
 0 = means all interrupts disabled
(irrespective

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 Special Function Registers
P3 – Port 3
 Address: B0h
 Bit-Addressable
 Each bit corresponds to
pin of the port
 Writing 1 to a bit will
set the corresponding
pin HIGH and vice
versa

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Port 3 – Alternate Functions
 Multiplexing on Port 3 i.e. more than 1 functions on each
pin

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 Special Function Registers
IP – Interrupt Priority
 Address: B8h
 Bit-Addressable
 Defines priorities of
interrupts
 2 interrupt priority levels
 Interrupt priority may be
 Low – 0 in corresponding
IP bit
 High – 1 in corresponding
IP bit

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 Special Function Registers
PSW – Program Status Word
 Address: D0h
 Bit-Addressable

 Contains important
bits and flags
(detail on next slides)

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Program Status Word (PSW)

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Overflow Flag
 OV = 1 IF there is
 Carry from Bit 6 to 7
OR
 Carry from bit 7 to 8

 OV = 0 IF there is
 No carry out
OR
 (Carry from bit 6 to 7) AND (carry from bit 7 to 8)

WHY?

79
 Special Function Registers
ACC – Accumulator
 Address: E0h
 Bit-Addressable

 One of the most used

registers. Used by many
instructions

80
 Special Function Registers
B – B Registar
 Address: F0h
 Bit-Addressable

 Used for
 Multiplication
 Division

 Also used as an auxiliary

register to temporarily store values

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