GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Principles and Modern Applications TENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Chemical
Reactions 4
PHILIP DUTTON
UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND
BIOCHEMISTRY

Slide 1 of 24 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Chemical Compounds

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 4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

As reactants are converted to products we observe:

Color change
Precipitate formation
Gas evolution
Heat absorption or evolution

Chemical evidence may be necessary.

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 Figure 4-1
Precipitation of silver chromate

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 Figure 4-2
Evidence of a chemical reaction

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 Chemical Reactions
Nitrogen monoxide + oxygen → nitrogen dioxide

Step 1: Write the reaction using chemical symbols.

Step 2: Balance the chemical equation.

2 NO + 1 O2 → 2 NO2

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 Molecular Representation

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 Balancing Equations

An equation can be balanced only by adjusting the

coefficients of formulas.

Never introduce extraneous atoms to balance.

NO + O2 → NO2 + O

Never change a formula for the purpose of balancing an

equation.

NO + O2 → NO3
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 Balancing Equation Strategy

Balance elements that occur in only one compound

on each side first.
Balance free elements last.
Balance unchanged polyatomics (or other groups of
atoms) as groups.
Fractional coefficients are acceptable and can be
cleared at the end by multiplication.

Slide 9 of 24 General Chemistry: Chapter 4 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

 States of Matter

(g) gas (l) liquid (s) solid

Thus, the equation for combustion of triethylene glycol can be

written as

2 C6H14O4(l) + 15 O2(g) 12 CO2(g) + 14 H2O(l)

Another commonly used symbol for reactants or products

dissolved in water is
(aq) aqueous solution

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4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry includes all the quantitative

relationships involving:
atomic and formula masses
chemical formulas.
chemical equations

• Mole ratio or stoichiometric factor

is a central conversion factor.

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 KEEP IN MIND

that it is important to
include units and to work
from a balanced chemical
equation when solving
stoichiometry problems.

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 Figure 4-3
A generalized stoichiometry diagram

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 Figure 4-4
The reaction of 2 Al(s) 6 HCl(aq) 2 AlCl3(aq) 3 H2(g)

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 4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution

Close contact between atoms, ions and molecules

necessary for a reaction to occur.

Solvent
We will usually use aqueous (aq) solution.
Solute
A material dissolved by the solvent.

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 Molarity
Amount of solute (mol solute)
Molarity (M) =
Volume of solution (L)

n
C =
V

If 0.440 mol of urea is dissolved in enough water to make

1.000 L of solution the concentration is:

0.440 mol urea

curea = = 0.440 M CO(NH2)2
1.000 L

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 Solution Dilution
n Mi  V i Mf  V f
M=
V

Mi × Vi = ni = nf = Mf × Vf

Mi × Vi Vi
Mf = = Mi
Vf Vf
Figure 4-6
Visualizing the dilution of a solution
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 Figure 4-5
Preparation of 0.250 M K2Cr2O7 —Example 4-9 illustrated

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 4-4 Determining Limiting Reagent

The reactant that is completely consumed

determines the quantities of the products formed.

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 4-5 Other Practical Matters in Reaction
Stoichiometry

Theoretical, Actual and Percent Yield

Theoretical yield is the expected yield from a reactant.

Actual yield is the amount of product actually produced.

Actual yield
Percent yield =  100%
Theoretical Yield

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 Theoretical, Actual and Percent Yield

actual yield = theoretical yield

quantitative

Side reactions reduce the percent yield.

By-products are formed by side reactions.

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 Consecutive Reactions, Simultaneous Reactions and
Overall Reactions

Multistep synthesis is often unavoidable.

Reactions carried out in sequence are called

consecutive reactions.

When substances react independently and at the same

time the reaction is a simultaneous reaction.

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 Overall Reactions and Intermediates

The Overall Reaction is a chemical equation that

expresses all the reactions occurring in a single
overall equation.

An intermediate is a substance produced in one step

and consumed in another during a multistep
synthesis.

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 End of Chapter Questions

Initial problem solving is linear and often

based on memorizing solutions for particular
situations. a
b
c
Answer

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