Tsetse flies))Glossina

.Prepared:- Elsadig.A.Elhag
MS.c Microbiology & parasitology department
 Tsetse flies))Glossina
The Glossina flies are commonly known as Tsetse
flies.
There are thirty named species and subspecies of
Tsetse flies all of which belong to the genus
Glossina. The most important vectors of human
sleeping sickness.Glossina palpalis, fuscipes and
morsitan have each been divided into two or
more. subspecies, based mainly on their
geographical distribution and small differences in
their behavior and morphology.
 Classification of Glossina Tsetse nies
• Class Hexapoda.
• Order : Diptera.
• Suborder : Cyclorrhapha
• Family : Glossinidae
• Genus : Glossina.
• Species: Glossina palpalis
• SPecies: Glossina tachinoides.
• Species: Glossina fuscipes
• Species: Glossina pallidipes.
• Species : Glossina swynnertoni
• SPecies : Glossina morsitans
 Distribution
• Glossina flies are restricted to tropical africa ·from
between approximately latitude15 ° north and 20 °
south along the eastern coastal area of Africa.
 Groups of Glossina flies
1-Fusca group (forest flies)
2-Morsitans group (savanna flies)
3-Palpalis group (Riverine and forest flies)
 Distribution of Tsetse flies in Sudan

• Some species live by rivers so they are named

riverine Tsetse flies (Gtossina palpalis) and others
are usually found in Savanna area(Glossina
morsitans).Glossina tachinoides occurs in Bahar
AlGazal and south Damazin near to Amatoung
mountains, also Tsetse flies occurs in Soobat area
and the dry area east of Kaboita.
Life Cycle
 Glossina adults
Adults are yellowish or brown-black
that are rather larger(6-15 mm) than house flies.
Tsetse flies are readily distinguished from all other
biting non-biting flies such as house-flies by the
a characteristic wing venation. In between veins
four and five there is a closed cell .
• also differ in that the wings of the fly at rest are
placed over the abdomen like the closed blades
of a pair of scissors .
• the arista has hairs only on its upper surface,
these hairs are branched giving the arista a
plumose appearance .
 Glossina eggsTsetse, flies-2
• deposit larvae After a female tsetse has been
inseminated by a male and after it has taken a
blood-meal, a single egg in one of the two
ovaries.
• from the sperm thecae. The egg is creamy white
in color. It hatches within the empty egg shell
passes out through the genital orifice(vagina)
 Glossina Larva-3
• The uterus which is capable considerable
expansion is supplied with a conspicuous pair
of branched secretary accessory glands which
in tsetse flies are called the milk glands Fatty,
nutrient fluid from these glands flows
through a small duct to enter the uterus.
• The larva mouth is near the opening of the
common duct of the milk glands ,and the
secretion of these glands provide the larva with
all the food it needs for growth and development.
The larva pass through three instars in the
female,
 Glossina pupa
• After about 15 minutes the third-instar larval
skin contracts and hardens to form a reddish
brown or dark brown, barrel-shaped and has
distinct polypneustic lobes .Within this case the
larva pupates. the fly emerges from the
puparium. Forces its way to the surface of the
ground and after some 15-20 minutes takes
flight.
Glossina pupa
 Glossina feeding habits
• Both male and female tsetse flies are
Haematophagous. They take blood-meals about
every two to three days.
 The sources of nutrients
• Both male and female tsetse flies bite man and a
large variety of domesticated and wild mammals,
and also reptiles and birds. No species of tsetse
flies feeds exclusively on one type of host.
 Breeding areas
• Breeding generally continues through out the
year but in very humid conditions reproduction
may be diminished.
• Maximum population size is usually obtained at
the end of the rainy season.. Females always
select shaded sites for larviposition.
• The larva is deposited on loose friable soil sand
or humus, frequently underneath bushes, tree
fallen logs, rocks, between buttress roots of trees,
in sandy river beds , and in animal burrows.
• Immediately the larva is deposited it
commences to bury under 2-5cm of soil.
 Glossina adults resting areas
• Blood-engorged tsetse flies and hungry flies
waiting to feed on suitable hosts spend the
nights and much of the day time resting in
dark and usually humid resting sites .
 Medical importance of sand fly
• Tsetse flies are bloodsucking flies of the genus
Glossina. They occur only in tropicalAfrica
and are important as vectors of African
trypanosomiasis in both humans and animals
 PREVENTION and CONTROL
• 1-Slaughter of wild animals
• 2- Land clearing
• 3- Pesticide campaigns
• 4- Trapping
• 5-Sterile insect technique