Mastigophora

 A subphylum of protozoa

 Phylum SARCOMASTIGOPHORA

 One or more flagella

 Simple & centrally located nucleus

 The followings are included in the mastigophora:-
Intestinal mastigophora /Protozoa
• Giardia lamblia
Urogenital mastigophora/protozoa
• Trichomonas vaginalis
Blood & tissuse mastigophora/ Protozoa
• Leishmania species
• T. gambiense
• T.rhodesiense
• T. Cruzi
 Giardiasis
Giardiasis
 One of the most common Protozoa parasitic
infection, G.lambila
 Acute and chronic manifestations including diarrhea
& malabsorption
EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Giardiasis has a cosmopolitan distribution
 Found in all climates & countries
 Highest in areas with poor sanitation
Infectious agent -Giardia lamblia
 known as Giardia duodenalis or Giardia intestinalis
• A phylum of PROTOZOA

• Subphyla: MASTIGOPHORA

• A flagellate protozoan

• Inhabits small intestine of humans

 Giardia has two morphologic forms
• Trophozoite & cyst
Trophozoite
• Resides in the small intestine
• Responsible for disease manifestations
cyst
• Infectious
• Responsible for transmission
• Environmentally resistant form
Trophozoite
• 5–15 μm × 9–21 μm
• teardrop-shaped
• two nuclei
• four pairs of flagella
• claw-shaped median bodies
• ventral disk
Cyst
• 6–10 μm × 8–12 μm
• oval, smooth-walled
• nuclei with karyosomes
• median bodies
• longitudinal axostyle
Mode of Transmission
 There are three major modes of transmission
• Waterborne

• Direct fecal-oral

• Food borne
Life cycle G. lamblia
 Infection follows the ingestion cysts

 Excystation is initiated with exposure of cysts

• To stomach acid & intestinal proteases

• Stimulation of parasite derived protease.

 Trophozoites in the lumen of proximal small bow
• Multiply by longitudinal binary fission

• Attached to the mucosa by a ventral sucking disk

 Encystation occurs parasites transit toward the

colon
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

Normal human hosts with giardiasis

• Diarrhea or loose, foul-smelling stools

• Steatorrhea , malaise, abdominal cramps

• Excessive flatulence, fatigue & weight loss.

 Some patients with develop a severe disease

• Interference with the absorption of fat

• Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A & B 12)

• Retarded growth & weight loss

Diagnosis
A. Microscopic Method
Specimen:
• Formed stool & diarrheal stools

• Duodenal secretions, or jejunal biopsy

Method: - stool examination (direct wet smear)

i.e. Gold standard for the diagnosis of giardiasis

i.e, At least 3 exams before judge negative

Result: - cyst or trophozoite stage of G. lambila

Treatment
 Drugs available for the treatment of giardiasis

• Quinacrine hydrochloride

• Metronidazole, furazolidone

• Tinidazole and paromomycin.

i.e. All should not be used during pregnancy

Reading assignment
 prevention and Control method of Giardia ??