o Start ….

Odd One Out

or each row state which one is the odd one out and why.

2 = epiphyte (orchid 3 = sustainable

1 = worm as it is an
type) grows on the tree management not
invertebrate not on the forest floor destruction
 There are a range of strategies used to sustainably manage rainforest regions e.g.
agroforestry. LESSON OBJECTIVES
Week 5 Geo Explore- 7.8 Sustainable Management of Rainforests

Key Idea: Lesson Objectives: Key Terms:

• To explore the different
here are different approaches to the • Agroforestry
ustainable use and management of aapproaches being used to reduce • Education
ainforest [in a named region] to limitdeforestation.
• National Parks and Forestry
he extent of deforestation.
• Sustainable
• To know the specific actions • Afforestation
taken to sustainably manage a • Eco tourism
named rainforest region.

Changes in:
pgs. 204 – 207
Space Place Time
What Makes a Sustainable Rainforest?
Protection Logging & Replanting

Education Reducing Debt

Selective logging of mature trees allows the forest to recover because younger trees gain more space and sunlight to grow. For every tree
logged, another is planted.

Education is important so that people understand their consequences and the true value of the forest – ecotourism, biodiversity, health etc.

Protection and certification ensures that damaging activities are reduced or restricted and benefits local people by providing a source of
income that don’t involves monoculture or total clearing of a forest.
Reducing debt-for-nature swaps is when a country which is owed money by another country cancels part of the debt if an agreement is made
by the debtor country to ensure the conservation of its tropical rainforests.
 Advantages and disadvantages of sustainable
management strategies

On the following slide there will be

a list of management strategies:
1. Read the strategies.
2. Draw a mind map of the
advantages and disadvantages
of each of the different
sustainable management
strategies.
ustainable Management Methods
Replanting/Afforestation
Replanting/Afforestation -- New
New trees
trees are
are planted
planted within
within rainforest
rainforest through
through forest
forest plantations
plantations and
and growing
growing rows
rows of
of aa tree.
tree. Agroforestry
Agroforestry
–– mixing
mixing trees
trees and
and crops
crops and
and allows
allows sustainable
sustainable farming
farming for
for local
local communities
communities

Selective
Selective logging
logging -- Trees
Trees are
are only
only felled
felled when
when they
they reach
reach aa particular
particular height
height or
or value.
value. This
This allows
allows young
young trees
trees aa guaranteed
guaranteed life
life span
span and
and
the
the forest
forest will
will regain
regain full
full maturity
maturity after
after around
around 30-50
30-50 years.
years.

Education - Students receive environmental and biodiversity education. Subsistence farmers receive training and certification in
sustainable agriculture.

Forest
Forest Reserves/Conservation
Reserves/Conservation -- (National
(National Parks)
Parks) Areas
Areas protected
protected from
from exploitation.
exploitation. Non-governmental
Non-governmental organisations
organisations protecting
protecting
species
species or
or areas
areas of
of the
the rainforest
rainforest

Monitoring - Use of satellite technology and photography to check that any activities taking place are legal and follow guidelines for
sustainability.

International agreements – Debt-for-nature swapping to reduce overall money owed to other countries. Countries agree to
sell only timber that has come from sustainably managed legal forests. Consumers buy from certified sources.

Eco-tourism – Tourism that allows small groups to see wildlife in their natural environment and to protect the
environment rather than harming it. Usually a resort that recycles with renewable energy resources and made from
natural materials. Local food and drink is consumed, and local people are employed. Codes of conduct for visitors are
followed
 Example of advantages and disadvantages
Most of the forest is left Rapid tree An expensive option and unsuitable species Forests remain
untouched growth can be used untouched

Forest can be Forests out of

Replanting bounds to local
damaged Selective Conservation
people
logging

Forests are Sustainable People know how

protected and management and why to protect
poorer countries strategies Education trees
Debt reduction
repay less
Modern
Ecotourism techniques can
International
Only a short-term solution replace
agreements
traditional
Can be too practices
Advantages Countries join forces to protect expensive for
forests poorer people
Gives an economic value
to the forests and wildlife
Disadvantages Hard to put agreements into practice
 Implementing rainforest sustainable management strategies
Why are the forests What is their impact on How can they act in a
Sustainability Table
important to them? the forests? sustainable way?
Loggers
The forest is where they They cut down trees. They can grow back the
go to work. Removal of trees reduces trees they cut down.
They get money from biodiversity and also They can only cut down
selling the timber. increases soil erosion what they need.

Farmers

Make a copy of this

Miners table and complete
as fully as you can
Do you contribute to rainforest deforestation?

What’s ironic here is that

KitKat has rainforest alliance
certificate …
Question:
How can the Amazon Rainforest be managed sustainably?
• Go to the LP Week 5 GEO Explore 1 and chose EITHER the Express or Challenge read of
Sustainable Management Strategies in the Amazon Rainforest.
• Scan and skim read the text.
• Look for POINTS (management strategies) – highlight key info
• Look for EVIDENCE to go with the points – highlight key info
• Think how the point is sustainable - EXPLAIN HOW (CHALLENGE: consider social,
environmental and economic sustainability)
• Now use the text to complete the question on this slide using Point, Evidence, Explain.
• For example: In the Amazon Rainforest, there have been several schemes used to manageFind theat least
rainforest. Firstly, there is selective logging, where only the oldest trees are cut down, usually
3 points,
between seven and 12 trees per hectare. This is sustainable because taking only a few trees means
one is
the forest structure is not disturbed … partially
done for
you…
 only the oldest trees are cut down

taking only a few trees means the

forest structure is not disturbed and
the soil is not exposed.

An idea to help
organise your
answer – also on
the LP
lenary

• In your opinion, which is:

a) The most unsustainable activity or cause of deforestation in rainforests?

b) What is the most appropriate and sustainable solution (and why?)

Answers in Q&A
pod please
LESSON COMPLETE
SEE YOU NEXT TIME!
 To Start:
Welcome to Limon Tropical Rainforest in Costa Rica

Where is
Costa
Rica?

Limón tropical rainforest

Deforestation began in the 19th century when areas were cleared for coffee and
banana plantations.
Towards the end of the 20th century it was realised that over 40% of the forest had
already been lost and that unless something was done, all the Costa Rican tropical
rainforest was at risk of disappearing.

To what extent do you agree with the view that tropical rainforests should be
cleared for farming and settlements?
© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 14
 There are a range of strategies used to sustainably manage rainforest regions e.g.
agroforestry. LESSON OBJECTIVES
Week 5 Geo Explore 2- 7.8 Sustainable Management of Rainforests – Case Study

Key Idea: Lesson Objectives: Key Terms:

• To evaluate the strategies used
here are different approaches to the • Agroforestry
ustainable use and management of afor managing the rainforest • Education
ainforest [in a named region] to limit
• National Parks and Forestry
he extent of deforestation.
• To know the specific actions • Sustainable
taken to sustainably manage • Afforestation
Limón tropical rainforest, Costa • Eco tourism
Rica.

Changes in:
pgs. 204 – 207
Space Place Time
What did Costa Rica do to save their rainforest?

In many areas the rainforest

Recently cleared land in the
has been completely
Limón rainforest
cleared.
 What did they do to save the rainforest?
So much rainforest had been cleared by 1990, it was agreed that something was
needed to be done to slow the rate of deforestation.
This was achieved in a series of steps:

Step 1: identify who was cutting down the trees

Step 2: understand why they were cutting down the trees

Step 3: assess the impacts of the deforestation

Step 4: decide on and implement sustainable strategies

Step 5: evaluate how successful these strategies have been

© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 17
 Step 1: identify who was cutting down the trees

Step 2: understand why they were cutting down the trees

Could any of these groups of people have been responsible for cutting down the trees
in Limón rainforest and why?

Who was cutting down

Interest group Why were they cutting down the trees?
the trees?
Yes No
To grow food/graze animals
Subsistence farmers X
To build homes

Commercial farmers
Logging companies
National government of Costa
Rica

Tourism companies
Ideas on the board or
Q&A pod. One has been
Environmental organisations done for you.
(NGOs)
© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 18
 Possible answers:

Who was cutting

Interest group Why were they cutting down the trees?
down the trees?
Yes No
To grow food/graze animals
Subsistence farmers X
To build homes
To create plantations
Commercial farmers X
To produce food for export

Logging companies X To sell timber for furniture and construction

National government of To provide homes, schools, hospitals, roads, bridges

X
Costa Rica and electricity for the growing population

Tourism companies X
Environmental
X
organisations (NGOs)
© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 19
 Step 3: assess the impacts of the deforestation
Clearing the rainforest results in
different impacts.
Without the trees,
Sort these statements
the tropical soils are
into two groups: exposed to the heavy
rain and are easily
eroded
positive impacts
negative impacts. Large banana and
coffee plantations
Identify and colour the can be planted, and
the crops exported
economic impacts one
colour and identify and
Soil is eroded from
colour the environmental the land and washed
impacts another colour. into the rivers
leading to more
sedimentation
© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473
Biodiversity Roads, bridges, ports
decreases as and airports can be
ecosystems and built enabling more
habitats are lost trade
Climate change can Homes and schools
occur due to less can be built for the
transpiration and growing population
photosynthesis
Without the shade Further economic
from the trees, the development takes
land can be baked place leading to a
hard and the earth higher standard of
heats up living
Covering the ground
New towns can be with buildings and
built, and new jobs roads increases
created surface runoff
leading to flooding
20
 Impacts of deforestation

Negative impacts Positive impacts

Without the trees, the
Soil is eroded from the Large banana and
tropical soils are Homes and schools can
land and washed into coffee plantations can
exposed to the heavy be built for the
the rivers leading to be planted, and the
rain and are easily growing population
more sedimentation crops exported
eroded

Climate change can Further economic

Biodiversity decreases New towns can be
occur due to less development takes place
as ecosystems and built, and new jobs
transpiration and leading to a higher
habitats are lost created
photosynthesis standard of living

Covering the ground

Without the shade from Economic impacts
with buildings and Roads, bridges, ports
the trees, the land can
roads increases surface and airports can be built
be baked hard and the Environmental
runoff leading to enabling more trade
earth heats up impacts
flooding

Suggest reasons why the negative impacts of deforestation are

environmental.
© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 21
 Step 4: decide on and implement sustainable strategies

Remember these strategies? All

can be used to slow down the rate
of deforestation:
• Replanting
• Conservation
• Education
Ecotourism in Limón rainforest • Selective logging
• Ecotourism
• International agreements
• Debt reductions

Which strategy do you think each

interest group chose to use and why?
A school in Limón rainforest

© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 22

 Strategies that Costa Rica used
Read resource sheet 1 – Management
strategies of Costa Rica’s Limón rainforest.

Eco-tourists on Tortuguero
canals

Summarise what sustainable management

strategies Costa Rica has used to slow down the
rate of deforestation?

Which strategy used would you recommend

to other countries with tropical rainforests?
Howler monkey in
Justify your choice.
© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 Limón rainforest 34473 23
rategies used by Costa Rica - Summary
Organisations and community groups working together.
Using government grants, many small subsistence Balance between the environment, the economy and the needs of its
Together
Together farmers have turned to agroforestry, planting trees in population in order to achieve the sustainable development of its
their fields in between their crops. This has increased rainforests.
their incomes.

Just the most valuable trees are felled. Where Small-scale forestry schemes and they allow the forest to regenerate
Selective
Selective
logging
logging possible they use naturally fallen trees, buffalo to naturally. The government is working hard to stop illegal logging
remove the logs. and corruption.

Effective way for local people to find a way of

Government has invested in education, teaching knowledge, skills and
earning an income from the trees, and tourism is
Ecotourism
Ecotourism understanding of the rainforests and sustainable management principles
playing a big role in the economic development of
to both students and local communities.
Costa Rica.

Government has invested in education, teaching

In the Forever Costa Rica debt-for-nature-swap deal, the USA wrote off
knowledge, skills and understanding of the
Government
Government debts of over $30 million owed by Costa Rica in return for a commitment
rainforests and sustainable management principles
to protect more of the rainforest.
to both students and local communities.
 Have the strategies worked?
Since 2010, Costa Rica has enjoyed strong and stable economic growth, 3.8% in 2017.
Exports of bananas, coffee, sugar, and beef are its biggest exports.

Year Forest km2 % forest cover Km2 lost per year Rate %
1980 31 000 60 190 1.4
1990 27 000 52 185 1.3
2000 26 000 51 180 0.4
2010 25 500 50 175 0.2
2020 25 000 49 170 0.1

Use the data in this table to complete the following activities:

1. Draw a bar graph to show the extent of forested land in Costa Rica 1980-2020.
2. Draw a line graph to show the rate of deforestation 1980-2020.
3. Describe the patterns of change shown by these graphs.
4. To what extent have the efforts made to slow the rate of deforestation succeeded?
© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 25
 Have the strategies worked?
Forested land in Costa Rica Rate of deforestation
1.6
35000
1.4
Land covered in km2

30000
1.2

Rate of deforestation
25000
1
Rate %
20000 0.8

15000 0.6

10000 0.4
0.2
5000
0
0 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
Year

Forested land has decreased by Rate of deforestation has

6000 km2 decreased since 1990 by 1.3%

© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 26

 What have been the effects of the sustainable
management strategies they adopted in Limón
rainforest?

Consensus task
• On the board, write one answer to the question.
• Can be positive or negative, can be political, economic, social,
technological or environmental.
• Now read each other’s answers and let’s construct an answer or you can
write your own. .

© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 27

 What have been the effects of the sustainable management strategies they adopted in Limón
rainforest?

d i ng
t spe n l .
ou ris tiona
o re t nd na
+ M lo cal a
–

- Mo
p ea re t
ce a ourist
nd s
qui so los
et. s of

© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 28

 What have been the effects of the sustainable management strategies they adopted
in Limón rainforest?
Political Economic Social Technological Environmental
Positive  Local state of Limón and  Businesses that rely on farming,  Homes protected from  Satellite systems are  New habitats and
national government saves logging and tourism stay in flooding. used to monitor illegal ecosystems created in
money as less flooding and Costa Rica, keeping jobs and  Better rainforest for logging and so help to replanted and
river sedimentation, therefore income in the country. scientific research, prevent soil erosion. protected areas of
lower clear-up costs.  Debt reduction agreements ecotourism and leisure  Aerial tramways through rainforest.
 Higher income from taxes reduce interest payments on activities within the the canopy minimise  Increased biodiversity.
paid by farming, logging and loans, enabling Costa Rica to forest. damage to ground cover.
tourist companies. spend money on development.  Birdwatching,  Modern facilities built in
 Government re-elected  More tourist spending – local photography and other rainforest, such as toilets
because they met the needs and national. outdoor pursuits lead to and cafes, benefit
of local people and improved wellbeing. visitors.
businesses.

Negative  Money spent on forest  Forest management schemes can  More tourists so loss of  Buildings and roads built  Unfashionable ugly or
management strategies means be expensive and can mean that peace and quiet. in hot, wet conditions dangerous species
less to spend on other things, some development projects are  Local people denied can have short life spans may be lost as some
such as health care. cancelled. access to privately and need regular species are favoured
owned areas of maintenance. by people managing
rainforest. rainforest, resulting in
a managed
© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 environment rather 29
 APPLY

Exam Question: Analyse the aims of a sustainable management programme in a

named rainforest. (12)

c om m an d How many marks is it What are the key words?

What is th e
word? worth?

What is the focus of the e a i m s ?

What a r e th
question?
How m
Sentence starters: uch to
w ri t e ?
The aims of a sustainable management programme in ……………… are…

The management programme in the ……………… rainforest is…

Key Words: rainforest, sustainable management, protected areas, change industry practices,
certification schemes, logging controls, national parks, ecotourism, agroforestry
 Plenary - True or False?
Statement True False
1. Costa Rica is in South America.
2. CO2 is returned to the atmosphere when the trees are burnt
down.
3. Tropical rainforest trees are all coniferous.

4. Farming and logging are major causes of deforestation.

5. There are many positive economic impacts of
deforestation.
6. Sustainable management strategies ensure that the forest is
protected for future generations.
7. The rate of deforestation has increased in Costa Rica.
8. Costa Rica’s rich biodiversity is the major reason its tourism
industry is growing.
© www.teachit.co.uk 2019 34473 31
 There are a range of strategies used to sustainably manage rainforest
LESSON OBJECTIVES
regions e.g. agroforestry.
Week 5 Geo Explore 2- 7.8 Sustainable Management of Rainforests – Case Study

Key Idea: Lesson Objectives: Key Terms:

• To evaluate the strategies used
here are different approaches to the • Agroforestry
ustainable use and management of afor managing the rainforest • Education
ainforest [in a named region] to limit
• National Parks and Forestry
he extent of deforestation.
• To know the specific actions • Sustainable
taken to sustainably manage • Afforestation
Limón tropical rainforest, Costa • Eco tourism
Rica.

Changes in:
pgs. 204 – 207
Space Place Time
LESSON COMPLETE
SEE YOU NEXT TIME!
Costa Rica has tried to establish a balance between the environment, the economy and the needs of its growing population in order to achieve the
sustainable development of its rainforests. Many organisations and community groups are working together to achieve this.
They have adopted the practice of selective logging, where they fell just the most valuable trees. Where possible they use naturally fallen trees. In
order to minimise damage to the forests, they use buffalo to move the logs out of the forest.
Where possible, they have set up small-scale forestry schemes and they allow the forest to regenerate naturally. The government is working hard to
stop illegal logging and corruption.
In the last 20 years, over 100 000 ha of Costa Rica have been reforested mainly with fast growing eucalyptus and teak. A national bamboo project
aiming to replace the use of hardwoods in house building with the fast-growing softwood bamboo has been set up. Several community forestry
programmes have been established where local people are involved in the management of the forest and share in the income generated.
Using government grants, many small subsistence farmers have turned to agroforestry, planting trees in their fields in between their crops. This has
increased their incomes. Costa Rica, which is 25% owned by the public and 75% privately owned, has adopted many conservation programmes.
Up to 25% of the land has been set aside for conservation. They have created over 30 National Parks as well as many wildlife reserves and
corridors. Once set up, these areas need stewardship in order to ensure that their biodiversity continues. International donors and organisations have
supported these protected areas and volunteers are used to carry out conservation work.
The government has invested in education, teaching knowledge, skills and understanding of the rainforests and sustainable management principles
to both students and local communities.
They aim to safeguard local livelihoods and reduce rural poverty at the same time as protecting biodiversity and ecosystems.
Ecotourism is an effective way for local people to find a way of earning an income from the trees, and tourism is playing a big role in the economic
development of Costa Rica. In many areas, ecotourism has been combined effectively with wood management.
Costa Rica signed the 2006 International Tropical Timber Agreement and uses the Forest Stewardship Council certification. Costa Rica is ensuring
that its timber is from legal and sustainably managed forests.
In the Forever Costa Rica debt-for-nature-swap deal, the USA wrote off debts of over $30 million owed by Costa Rica in return for a commitment
to protect more of the rainforest.