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Fluids
Chapter 9: Fluids
• Introduction to Fluids
• Pressure
• Measurement of Pressure
• Pascal’s Principle
• Gravity and Fluid Pressure
• Archimedes’ Principle
• Continuity Equation
• Bernoulli’s Equation
• Viscosity and Viscous Drag
• Surface Tension
There is a momentum
change (impulse) that is
away from the container
walls. There must be a
force exerted on the
particle by the wall.
F
Pressure is defined as P .
A
2 A 500N person
2 1m 4
1.0 10 m
2
1.0 cm weighs about
100 cm 113 lbs.
F 500 N
Pav
A 1.0 10 4 m 2
2 1 Pa 1 atm
5.0 10 N/m
6
2
1 N/m 1.013 10 Pa
5
49 atm
An imaginary
cylinder of y
P1A
fluid
x
Imaginary cylinder
can be any size
w P2A
F P A PA w 0
2 1
P2 A P1 A Ad g 0
P2 P1 gd 0
P2 P1 gd
or P2 P1 gd
P Patm gd
You noticed on the previous slide that the areas canceled out.
Only the height matters since that is the direction of gravity.
Think of the pressure as a force density in N/m2
P Patm gd
P P Patm gd
1000 kg/m 9.8 m/s 35 m
3 2
343 kPa 3.4 atm
P Patm gd
95 atm 1 atm gd
gd 94 atm 9.5 106 N/m 2
1025 kg/m 9.8 m/s d 9.5 10
3 2 6
N/m 2
d 950 m
A manometer is a
U-shaped tube that Both ends of the
is partially filled tube are open to the
with liquid, atmosphere.
usually Mercury
(Hg).
If there is a pressure difference between the gas and the atmosphere, a force
will be exerted on the fluid in the U-tube. This changes the equilibrium
position of the fluid in the tube.
Also PB PB'
PB PB ' PC gd
PB PC PB Patm gd
Pgauge gd
and PA gd
P at point 1 P at point 2
F1 F
2
A1 A 2
A2
F2 F1
A1
A2 A1 F2
1 500 N
10 5000 N
100 50,000 N
w
F2
The total force on the block due to
the fluid is called the buoyant force. FB F2 F1
where F2 F1
FB F2 F1
P2 A P1 A
P2 P1 A
From before: P2 P1 gd
FB gV
V1 = V2 =
constant constant
v1v2
MFMcGraw-PHY 1401 Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/2010 28
Steady flow is laminar; the fluid flows in layers. The
path that the fluid in these layers takes is called a
streamline.
Streamlines do not cross.
Faster Slower
Simple ratios
A1v1 A2 v2
A1 r12
v2 v1 2 v1
A2 r2
2
1.0 cm
2.0 m/s 50 m/s
0.20 cm
1 2 1 2
P1 gy1 v1 P2 gy2 v2
2 2
Work per Potential
unit volume Points 1 and 2
energy Kinetic
done by the must be on the
per unit energy
fluid same streamline
volume per unit
volume
MFMcGraw-PHY 1401 Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/2010 34
Example (text problem 9.49): A nozzle is connected to a horizontal
hose. The nozzle shoots out water moving at 25 m/s. What is the
gauge pressure of the water in the hose? Neglect viscosity and
assume that the diameter of the nozzle is much smaller than the
inner diameter of the hose.
Let point 1 be inside the hose and point 2 be outside the nozzle.
1 2 1 2
P1 gy1 v1 P2 gy2 v2
2 2
1 2 1 2
P1 Patm v2 v1
2 2
1
2
2 2 1 2
v2 v1 v2
2
Since v1 0
1
1000 kg/m 3 25 m/s
2
2
3.1105 Pa
The volume flow rate for laminar flow of a viscous fluid is given
by Poiseuille’s Law.
V P L 4 4th power
r
t 8
P 4
8L V 8 2.00 103 Pa sec 3.00 cm
0
. 250 cm 3
sec
r t
0.3 10 cm
1 4
4716 Pa
Conversion:
1.013x10 5 Pa
16 (mm Hg)× = 2132 Pa
760 mm Hg
FD 6rv
FD FB w 0
6rvt ml g ms g 0
6rvt lVl g ms g 0
6rvt lVs g ms g 0
ms g lVs g
Solving for 2.4 Pa sec
6rvt
1 6F
F w or m 5 10 6 kg
6 g
1. Rise
2. Fall
3. Remain unchanged
1. Rise
2. Fall
3. Remain unchanged
1. rises.
2. falls.
3. remains in place.
1. sink.
2. return to the surface.
3. stay at the depth to
which it is pushed.
1. rises.
2. falls.
3. remains in place.
1. sink.
2. return to the surface.
3. stay at the depth to
which it is pushed.