Chapter 3: Static Fluid: Department of Hydraulic Engineering - School of Civil Engineering - Shandong University - 2007

Chapter 3: Static Fluid
Department of Hydraulic Engineering - School of Civil Engineering - Shandong University - 2007

Introduction
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 2 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fluid Statics
Fluid Statics deals with problems associated with

fluids at rest.
In fluid statics, there is no relative motion between
adjacent fluid layers.
Therefore, there is no shear stress in the fluid
trying to deform it.
The only stress in fluid statics is normal stress
Normal stress is due to pressure
Variation of pressure is due only to the weight of the
fluid fluid statics is only relevant in presence of
gravity fields.
Applications: Floating or submerged bodies,
water dams and gates, liquid storage tanks, etc.
Pressure
Pressure is defined as a normal force

exerted by a fluid per unit area.
Units of pressure are N/m 2, which is called
a pascal (Pa).
Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures
encountered in practice, kilopascal (1 kPa
= 103 Pa) and megapascal (1 MPa = 106
Pa) are commonly used.
Other units include bar, atm, kgf/cm2,
lbf/in2=psi.
Pressure
Other units include bar, atm, kgf/cm2, lbf/in2=psi.

1 bar = 105 Pa = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa
1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325
bars
1 kgf/cm2 = 9.807 N/cm2 = 9.807 104 N/m2 =
9.807 104 Pa = 0.9807 bar = 0.9679 atm
1 atm = 14.696 psi.
1 kgf/cm2 = 14.223 psi.

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures
Actual pressure at a given point is called

the absolute pressure.
Most pressure-measuring devices are
calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere,
and therefore indicate gage pressure,
Pgage = Pabs - Patm.
Pressure below atmospheric pressure are
called vacuum pressure, Pvac=Patm - Pabs.

Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures

Pressure at a Point
Pressure at any point in

a fluid is the same in all
directions.
Pressure has a
magnitude, but not a
specific direction, and
thus it is a scalar
quantity.
Proof on the
Blackboard

Variation of Pressure with Depth
In the presence of a gravitational field,
pressure increases with depth because
more fluid rests on deeper layers.
To obtain a relation for the variation of
pressure with depth, consider
rectangular element
Force balance in z-direction gives
F z maz 0
P2 x P1x g xz 0
Dividing by x and rearranging
gives
P P2 P1 g z s z
z is called the pressure head


Pressure in a fluid at rest is independent of the
shape of the container.
Pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal
plane in a given fluid.

Scuba Diving and Hydrostatic Pressure

Scuba Diving and Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure on diver at
1
100 ft?
kg m 1m
2
Pgage ,2 gz 998 3 9.81 100 ft
m s 3.28 ft
1atm
298.5kPa 2.95atm
100 ft 101.325 kPa
Pabs ,2 Pgage ,2 Patm 2.95atm 1atm 3.95atm
Danger of emergency
2 ascent?
1 1 PV
PV 2 2 Boyles law
V1 P2 3.95atm
If you hold your breath on ascent, your lung 4
V2 P1 1atm
volume would increase by a factor of 4, which
would result in embolism and/or death.

APPLICATIONS

1- Pascals Law
Two points at the same
elevation in a continuous fluid
at rest are at the same
pressure, called Pascals law,
Pressure applied to a confined

fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same
amount.
In picture, pistons are at same
height:
F1 F2 F2 A2
P1 P2
A1 A2 F1 A1
Ratio A2/A1 is called ideal
mechanical advantage

2- The Manometer
An elevation change of
z in a fluid at rest
corresponds to P/g.
A device based on this is
called a manometer.
A manometer consists of
a U-tube containing one
or more fluids such as
mercury, water, alcohol,
or oil.
Heavy fluids such as
mercury are used if large
P1 P2 pressure differences are
anticipated.
P2 Patm gh

3- Mutlifluid Manometer
For multi-fluid systems
Pressure change across a fluid
column of height h is P = gh.
Pressure increases downward,
and decreases upward.
Two points at the same
elevation in a continuous fluid
are at the same pressure.
Pressure can be determined by
adding and subtracting gh
terms.
P2 1 gh1 2 gh2 3 gh3 P1

4- Measuring Pressure Drops
Manometers are well--
suited to measure
pressure drops across
valves, pipes, heat
exchangers, etc.
Relation for pressure
drop P1-P2 is obtained by
starting at point 1 and
adding or subtracting gh
terms until we reach point
2.
If fluid in pipe is a gas,
2>>1 and P1-P2 gh
(Mistyped on page 73)

5- The Barometer
Atmospheric pressure is
measured by a device called a
barometer; thus, atmospheric
pressure is often referred to as
the barometric pressure.
PC can be taken to be zero
since there is only Hg vapor
above point C, and it is very
low relative to Patm.
Change in atmospheric
pressure due to elevation has
many effects: Cooking, nose
bleeds, engine performance,
aircraft performance.
PC gh Patm
Patm gh
The Barometer
Standard atmosphere is defined as the pressure

produced by a column of mercury 760 mm (29.92 inHg
or of water about 10.3 m ) in height at 0C (Hg =
13,595 kg/m3) under standard gravitational
acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s2).
1 atm = 760 torr and 1 torr = 133.3 Pa

6- Hoover Dam

Hoover Dam

Hoover Dam
Example of elevation
head z converted to
velocity head V2/2g.
We'll discuss this in
more detail in Chapter
5 (Bernoulli equation).

7- Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
On a plane surface, the

hydrostatic forces form a
system of parallel forces
For many applications,
magnitude and location of
application, which is
called center of
pressure, must be
determined.
Atmospheric pressure
Patm can be neglected
when it acts on both sides
of the surface.

Resultant Force
The magnitude of FR acting on a plane surface of a

completely submerged plate in a homogenous fluid is equal
to the product of the pressure PC at the centroid of the
surface and the area A of the surface

Center of Pressure
Line of action of resultant force
FR=PCA does not pass through
the centroid of the surface. In
general, it lies underneath
where the pressure is higher.
Vertical location of Center of
Pressure is determined by
equation the moment of the
resultant force to the moment
of the distributed pressure
force.
I xx ,C
y p yC
yc A
Ixx,C is tabulated for simple
geometries.
Derivation of FR and examples
on blackboard

The centroidal moments of inertia for some
common geometries

Submerged Rectangular Plate
What is the yp for case (a)?

Example: Hydrostatic Force Acting on the
Discussion Door of a Submerged Car

A heavy car plunges into a lake during an
A strong person can lift 100 kg, whose weight is 981 N or
accident and lands at the bottom of the lake on
about 1 kN. Also, the person can apply the force at a point farthest from
its wheels. The door is 1.2 m high and 1 m wide,
the
andhinges
the top (1 m farther)
edge of the doorforismaximum
8 m beloweffect
the and generate a moment of 1
kN
free surface
m. The of resultant hydrostatic force acts under the midpoint of the
the water.
door, and thus
Determine a distanceforce
the hydrostatic of 0.5 m from
on the door the
and hinges. This generates a
moment
the locationof 50.6
of thekN m, which
pressure is and
center, about 50 times
discuss if the moment the driver
the driver
can possiblycan generate.
open the door.
Therefore, it is impossible for the driver to open
the door of the car. The drivers best bet is to let some water in (by rolling
Pave PC = ghdown
the= window C = g(s + b/2)=
a little, for84.4 kN/m2 and to keep his or her head close
example)
to the ceiling. The driver should be able to open the door shortly before
FRthe= Pcar
aveAis
= filled
(84.4 with
kNm2) 1.2 m)
(1 m since
water = 101.3
at that kNthe pressures on both sides
point
of the door are nearly the same and opening the door in water is almost
yP = 8.61 m
as easy as opening it in air.

8- Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
FR on a curved surface is more involved since it requires

integration of the pressure forces that change direction
along the surface.
Easiest approach: determine horizontal and vertical
components FH and FV separately.
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
Horizontal force component on curved surface:

FH=Fx. Line of action on vertical plane gives y
coordinate of center of pressure on curved
surface.
Vertical force component on curved surface:
FV=Fy+W, where W is the weight of the liquid in
the enclosed block W=gV. x coordinate of the
center of pressure is a combination of line of
action on horizontal plane (centroid of area) and
line of action through volume (centroid of volume).
Magnitude of force FR=(FH2+FV2)1/2
Angle of force is = tan-1(FV/FH)

Example: A Gravity-Controlled Cylindrical
Gate
A long solid cylinder of radius 0.8 m
hinged at point A is used as an = 1.3 kN
automatic gate. When the water level
reaches 5 m, the gate opens by
turning about the hinge at point A.
Determine (a) the hydrostatic force
acting on the cylinder and its line of
action when the gate opens and (b)
the weight of the cylinder per m
length of the cylinder.
The weight of the cylinder is
= 36.1 kN
= 39.2 kN

9.1- Buoyancy and Stability
Buoyancy is due to the

fluid displaced by a body.
FB=fgV.
Archimedes principal :
The buoyant force acting
on a body immersed in a
fluid is equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced by
the body, and it acts
upward through the
centroid of the displaced
volume.

Buoyancy and Stability
Buoyancy force FB is equal

only to the displaced volume
fgVdisplaced.
Three scenarios possible
body<fluid: Floating body
body=fluid: Neutrally
buoyant
body>fluid: Sinking body

9.2 Examples of Archimedes
Principle
The Golden Crown of Hiero II, King of
Syracuse
Archimedes, 287-212 B.C.
Hiero, 306-215 B.C.
Hiero learned of a rumor where
the goldsmith replaced some of
the gold in his crown with silver.
Hiero asked Archimedes to
determine whether the crown was
pure gold.
Archimedes had to develop a
nondestructive testing method

Example: Galilean Thermometer
Galileo's thermometer is made of a sealed

glass cylinder containing a clear liquid.
Suspended in the liquid are a number of
weights, which are sealed glass containers with
colored liquid for an attractive effect.
As the liquid changes temperature it changes
density and the suspended weights rise and fall
to stay at the position where their density is
equal to that of the surrounding liquid.
If the weights differ by a very small amount and
ordered such that the least dense is at the top
and most dense at the bottom they can form a
temperature scale.

Example: Floating Drydock
Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock Resolute Submarine undergoing repair work on

(AFDM-10) partially submerged board the AFDM-10
Using buoyancy, a submarine with a displacement of 6,000 tons can be lifted!

Example: Submarine Buoyancy and Ballast
Submarines use both static and dynamic depth

control. Static control uses ballast tanks
between the pressure hull and the outer hull.
Dynamic control uses the bow and stern planes
to generate trim forces.

Normal surface trim SSN 711 nose down after accident

which damaged fore ballast tanks

Damage to SSN 711

(USS San Francisco)
after running aground on
8 January 2005.

Ballast Control Panel: Important station for controlling depth of submarine

The Golden Crown of Hiero II, King of
Syracuse
The weight of the crown and
nugget are the same in air: Wc =
cVc = Wn = nVn.
If the crown is pure gold, c=n
which means that the volumes
must be the same, Vc=Vn.
In water, the buoyancy force is
B=H2OV.
If the scale becomes unbalanced,
this implies that the Vc Vn, which
in turn means that the c n
Goldsmith was shown to be a
fraud!

Stability Applications

Stability
What about a case where the ball is

on an inclined floor?
It is not really appropriate to

discuss stability for this case
since the ball is not in a state of
equilibrium. In other words, it
cannot be at rest and would roll
down the hill even without any
disturbance.

Stability of Immersed Bodies
Rotational stability of immersed bodies depends upon

relative location of center of gravity G and center of
buoyancy B.
G below B: stable
G above B: unstable
G coincides with B: neutrally stable.

Stability of Floating Bodies
If body is bottom heavy

(G lower than B), it is
always stable.
Floating bodies can be
stable when G is higher
than B due to shift in
location of center
buoyancy and creation of
The metacenter may be restoring moment.
considered to be a fixed point Measure of stability is the
for most hull shapes for small metacentric height GM. If
rolling angles up to about 20. GM>1, ship is stable.

Stability of Floating Bodies
A boat can tilt to some

maximum angle without
capsizing, but beyond that angle
it overturns (and sinks). We
make a final analogy between
the stability of floating objects
and the stability of a ball rolling
along the floor. Namely, imagine
the ball in a trough between two
hills. The ball returns to its
stable equilibrium position after
being perturbedup to a limit.

Fluid as Rigid Body

Fluids in rigid body motion
In this section we obtain relations for the

variation of pressure in fluids moving like a
solid body with or without acceleration in
the absence of any shear stresses (i.e., no
motion between fluid layers relative to
each other).

Fluids in rigid body motion
The differential fluid element behaves

like a rigid body, Newtons second law
of motion for this element can be
expressed as
The forces acting on the fluid element

consist of body forces such as gravity
(and also electrical and magnetic
forces), and surface forces such as the
pressure forces

Rigid-body motion of fluids
Similarly,
Equation of Motion:
P P P
ax , ay , g ax
x y z

Rigid-body motion of fluids
Special Case 1: Fluids at Rest
Special Case 2:
Free Fall of a Fluid Body

Rigid-Body Motion
A 2-D (ay = 0) container is
accelerated on a straight path
with a constant acceleration.
r r
P gk a
P P P
ax , ay , g ax
x y z
Pressure variation:
Vertical rise of the free surface:

Rigid-Body Motion
Isobars: for surfaces of constant pressure
(On the same isobar, dP = 0)
Conservation of mass implies the rise of

fluid level on one side must be balanced by
a drop of fluid level on the other side.

Linear Acceleration
How does the fluid behave as Container is moving on a straight path
the car decelerates or moves ax 0, a y az 0
with a constant speed?
P P P
ax , 0, g
x y z
Total differential of P
dP ax dx gdz
Pressure difference between 2 points
P2 P1 ax x2 x1 g z2 z1
Find the rise by selecting 2 points on
free surface P2 = P1
ax
zs zs 2 zs1 x2 x1
g
Rotation in a Cylindrical Container
A glass filled with water is rotated

about its axis at a constant angular
velocity of , The fluid is forced
outward as a result of the so-called
centrifugal force, and the free surface
of the liquid becomes concave. This
is known as the forced vortex motion.
After initial transients, the liquid will

move as a rigid body together with
the container. There is no
deformation, and thus there can be
no shear stress, and every fluid
particle in the container moves with
the same angular velocity.

Container is rotating about the z-

axis
ar r 2 , a az 0
P P P
r 2 , 0, g
r z
Total differential of P = P(r,z)

dP r 2 dr gdz
On an isobar, dP = 0
dzisobar r 2 2 2
zisobar r C1
dr g 2g
zisobar(0) = C1 = hc,

The original volume of the fluid in the container
The volume of the paraboloid formed

by the free surface is
From conservation of mass, we can get
The equation of the free surface

2 2
zs h0
4g
R 2r 2

Taking point 1 to be the origin (r = 0, z = 0) where the pressure is

P0 and point 2 to be any point in the fluid (no subscript), the
pressure distribution can be expressed as
In any horizontal plane, the pressure difference between the

center and edge of the container of radius R is P = 2R2/2.

Chapter 3: Static Fluid: Department of Hydraulic Engineering - School of Civil Engineering - Shandong University - 2007

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Chapter 3: Static Fluid

Department of Hydraulic Engineering - School of Civil Engineering - Shandong University - 2007

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 2 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fluid Statics deals with problems associated with

Pressure is defined as a normal force

Other units include bar, atm, kgf/cm2, lbf/in2=psi.

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 5 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Actual pressure at a given point is called

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 6 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 7 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Pressure at any point in

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 8 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 9 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 10 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 11 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 12 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 13 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 14 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Pressure applied to a confined

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 15 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 16 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

P2 1 gh1 2 gh2 3 gh3 P1

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 17 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 18 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Standard atmosphere is defined as the pressure

1 atm = 760 torr and 1 torr = 133.3 Pa

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 20 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 21 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 22 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 23 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

On a plane surface, the

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 24 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

The magnitude of FR acting on a plane surface of a

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 25 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 26 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 27 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 28 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Discussion Door of a Submerged Car

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 29 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

FR on a curved surface is more involved since it requires

Horizontal force component on curved surface:

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 31 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 32 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Buoyancy is due to the

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 33 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Buoyancy force FB is equal

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 34 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 36 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Galileo's thermometer is made of a sealed

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 37 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock Resolute Submarine undergoing repair work on

Using buoyancy, a submarine with a displacement of 6,000 tons can be lifted!

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 38 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Submarines use both static and dynamic depth

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 39 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Normal surface trim SSN 711 nose down after accident

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 40 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Damage to SSN 711

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 41 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Ballast Control Panel: Important station for controlling depth of submarine

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 42 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 43 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 44 Chapter 3: Pressure and Fluid Statics