PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS &

EVALUATION
SPE 601

By:
Mr. Norasrudin Sulaiman
Department Of Sport Science
Faculty of Sport Science and
Recreation
Accredited Performance Analysis
International Congress of Performance
Analysis of Sport (ICPAS)
Performance Analysis

Competitions
• Athletes • Athletes
• Coach • Coach • Coach
• Performanc
e Analysis
Training Training
Process

Observed Improved
Deliver
PA (manually performan
(feedback)
/ video) ce
RELATIONSHIP??
 What is the PA of sport?
 Why do we do PA of sport?
 Who does the PA of sport?
 Where is the PA of sport done?
 When is the PA of sport done?
 How is the PA of sport done?
What is PA of sport?

 “PA is the investigation of actual sport

performance or performance in training”
(O’donoghue, 2010)
Relationship??

PA Coach
Research evident

 International level soccer coaches recall 45%

of studied variables correctly
(Frank & Miller, 1991)

 Football association accredited coaches

recall 59% of the critical event during
first 45 minute
( Laird & Waters, 2008)
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
the most current technology used to define:
• kinematics of individual skills
• movement and game patterns
• characteristics of different levels of
performances
• tactical analyses of strategies during
competitions
• technical flaws existing at lower level
performances
5 major purposes in applying
performance analysis:

Technical evaluation
Tactical evaluation
Movement analyses
Building of performance models and
database
Coaching education
Technical skills

 Continuous do not have clear beggining and

ending. Eg. cycling
 Serial comb of discrete
 Discrete hve a clear biggining and anding
Tactical analysis

 Appropriate to selected sport

+ positioning
+ choice of stroke
+ use of space
+ passing, dribbling
Technical evaluation (notational)
Quantitative evaluation of success and
failure rate in the execution of a
specific motor skill.
Info. derived from technical evaluation
are collaborated with info. from tactical
evaluation in order to build a Successful
Performance Model.
e.g: in returning a tennis serve, record
% success or failure of returns using the
forehand and/or backhand; % of points
acquired from ground strokes/volleys.
Tactical Evaluation (notational)
Enables evaluation of tactical maturity
at each level of individual/team skills
development.
Differences in choice of tactics used is a
reliable indicator in determining an
athlete’s level of technical development
and physical maturity.
E.g.: in executing a penalty kick in
soccer: record % target location of the
kick; % success & failure based on target
location; comparison of % scoring
success in relation to % highest target
location.
Movement analyses (biomechanical)
Evaluation on the intensity of execution
of specific skills during performance.
Facilitates in quantifying athlete’s work
rate during a match/competition; can be
conducted via analyzing (a) overall
action, and (b) skill kinematics.
E.g: in badminton, % strategy of
‘running around’ to execute a stroke
from one’s preferred side is higher
among club level players; but lower
among professionals; in tennis, %
success rate in long rallies is higher if
during ball-racket contact, both feet are
firmly planted on the ground.
Building of performance models
& database
Application of mathematical models to
define skilled performances.
For Close skills; movement models are
based on application of mechanics.
For Open skills; among modeling
techniques used for Ideal Performance
Models is the Theory of Mathematical
Probability. Application of this theory
has been applied to create an IPM for
squash (Alexander, 1988).
Alexander proposed that squash/racquet
sports consist of various discrete
movements that are related to functions
of outcome probabilities.
An example of a Mathematical Modeling of a Close Skill
based on concepts in classical mechanics

Ek = ½ mv2 I = Smr2 Ft = mv-mu

-g
sine2 = v2 +g
2 (v2 – gh)

Friction = m R Range = v2 sin2q

g
ANALYSIS OF PROJECTILE MOTION
Body displacements that involve the
combination both vertical and horizontal
motion components are known as projectiles.
Projectile refers to movements displaced in
air and then, land due to the sole influence of
gravitational forces.

Trajectory

Range
 Types of
trajectory
 PROJECTILE ANALYSIS
HORIZONTAL MECHANICS
Based on the linear
kinematics equation for
displacement, velocity &
time:

s = vxt

Then, the equation for

Based on the diagram, projectile range (R) is:
horizontal velocity of
the ball being kicked R = v cos q x t
is: In all analyses involving
 v cos q projectile motion,
resistance is neglected.
air
PROJECTILE ANALYSIS
VERTICAL MECHANICS
Upward displacement of
objects during projectile
motion occur due to the
existence of vertical
vertical velocity of velocity during action.
the ball being
Time of trajectory is
kicked is:
greatly influenced &
 v sin q governed by this vertical
velocity.
Time of trajectory is logically:
T = time upward + time downward

[ tup + tdown ]
To determine tup;
Consider the mechanical equation that
represents time, initial velocity and final
velocity, as follows:
v = u + at
For a projectile motion, the following values
will always be true:
u = v sin q
v = 0
a = -g (atau -a)

Therefore, time of upward trajectory (tup):

0 = v sin q + (-g).t
= v sin q
g
To determine tdown
Consider the mechanical equation that
represents time, initial velocity and
displacement, as follows:
s = u t + ½ a t2
In a downward trajectory, the following values
will always be true:  
u = 0
a = -g
Hence, time of downward trajectory (tdown):
s = 0 + ½ (-g). t2
tdown = 2s
g 
 To quantify the displacement
of oblique trajectory,
consider the mechanical
equation that represents
initial velocity, final velocity,
and displacement, as follows:
Displacement of a
projectile is also v2 = u2 + 2as
influenced by the
height of projection. For a projectile motion,
For projectile with the following values will
oblique trajectories always be true:
(as illustrated in the
diagram): u = v sin q
v = 0
sup =
sdown a = -g
To determine sup/down
Substitute values into equation; v2 = u2 + 2as
Hence; 0 = (v sin q)2 - 2gs
s = (v sin q)2
2g

Based on factors involving relative projection

height, the time tdown may now be determined as
follows:
tdown = 2s = 2 . (v sin q)2
g 
g 2g

= v sin q
g
 Hence, actual time of
trajectory is;

t = tup +v t= 0
down
 
= v sin q + v sin q
g g
 
= 2 v sin q
g

How can range be maximised?

3 mechanical factors influencing
range of projectile:

Angle of release
...influences trajectory

Projection velocity
…influences time of
trajectory and horizontal
displacement

Projection height
…influences time of
trajectory and vertical
displacement
 Mathematical proof:
 R = v cos q x t
For a projectile with
= v cos q x 2 vsinq
oblique trajectory: Based
on theoretical standpoint g
[where air resistance is = v2 2 sin q cos q
neglected] the optimum
angle of release in order g
to obtain maximum range
is 45o Based on trigonometrical
identity
sin 2q = 2 sin q cos q
Hence, R = v2 sin 2q
g
R = v2 sin 2q Critical factor is the
g angle of release
represented by sin 2q

With reference to sine values, maximum

value = 1.0 at 90 o
Hence, sin 2q = 1
2q = 90 o
q = 45 o

The above situation is only true when:

 Air resistance is neglected.
Relative projection height is zero.
Actual range is always influenced by
air resistance. The reason this
variable is neglected during kinematics
analyses procedures is due to the
inconsistent nature of air resistance.
 RELATIVE PROJECTION
HEIGHT (h)

Besides air resistance,

relative projection height
is another variable that
influences a projectile’s
range.

The influence of RPH is in

terms of determining the
optimum angle for
maximizing the potential
range.
In horizontal trajectories,
where the landing height
is lower than the takeoff,
the theoretical optimum
angle becomes < 45o.
In vertical trajectories,
where landing height is
higher than the takeoff,
then theoretical optimum
angle becomes > 45o.
Rate of change in the
optimum angles are
influenced by the
following 2 performance
variables:
 190
National Long Jump Record = 7.89m

If the ideal angle of takeoff at 190 is considered, what

is the required takeoff velocity in order to break the
national record?
Mathematical model for close skill may take into
consideration the following performance aspects:
Calculation for ideal take-off velocity
Kinematic factors that influence transformation of
linear velocity into take-off velocity.
Kinetic variables that influence the performance to
achieve the linear velocity.
 Sup = (vsinq)2
2g

sine2 = v2 t = 2 (vsinq)
2 (v2 – gh) g

A complete kinematic specification of mathematical

modeling for a National Record-Breaking long jump
performance will also need to include the following
database, among others:
Specification for maximum height of jump trajectory
Specification for time of trajectory
Ideal angle of trajectory based on pre-takeoff
kinetics
 An example of a Mathematical Modeling of an
Open Skill based on Theory of Probability

Ideal performance Model for Squash

Probability of Player A winning the Pa
point when serving (during hand in)
Probability of Player A winning the
point when receiving (during hand Qa
out)

Probability of Player B winning the

point when serving (during hand in)
Pb = 1 - Qa
Probability of Player B winning the Qb = 1 - Pa
point when receiving (hand out)
If Player A & B possess similar skill Pa, Pb, Qa, Qb =
level, the probability situation is: 0.5
 For Squash game situation:
Probability of Player A winning point when serving is
equal to the sum of every successful sequence of
rallies:

Pa = ½ + ½ 3 + ½ 5 +..= 2/3
(geometrical series)

Pa wins 9-0 = (2/3)9 = 0.026

If A is the better ranking player, with Pa = 2/3 and
Qa = 3/5,
Probability of A winning point when serving is 5/6
Probability of A winning point when receiving is 1/2
Probability of winning the match would then be based
on calculation of total probabilities of every possible
scoring achievements for each set; p(9-0), p(9-1)...
p(9-8) etc.
In open skills, mathematical modeling is
strictly a predictor; does not take into
account performance factors such as
physical and mental fatigue, off-form
etc

But Mathematical model is proven to be

effective in determining:
Importance of winning the toss.
Importance of starting the service,
kick-off and vice versa.
Recording (Image capture) Technologies
to Facilitate Performance Analysis
..involves scientific observation in the
evaluation of skill performance

PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINICAL OBSERVATION

OBSERVATION
Observation to quantify: Observation to record
(a) skill execution process, physiological / metabolic
& activities of the biological
(b) outcome of specific system during movement
movement production. performance; this usually
involves high recording
technologies.
…Development In Recording Technologies

PHOTOGRAPHY
Technology to provide 2D
graphical input of skill
performance.
Among major purposes:
1. Joint segmentations
to determine location
of centre of gravity
(CG).
2. Movement analyses
based on anatomical
planes.
3. Basic animation for 2D
analyses.
 ADVANTAGES OF
PHOTOGRAPHY
Simplest & cheapest
technology to use.

Ability to choose
movement sequence
of interest from static
photographic images.

Posisi B
Manipulations of
photographic techniques
Posisi A can produce various
types of movement
descriptions; depending
on the type of analysis
that will be
conducted/required.
 MAIN
DISADVANTAGES
Photographs are 2-
dimensional images;
therefore not possible
to extract data
related to depth of
movement.
EXAMPLE OF A HIGH-SPEED
Performance analyses
CAMERA MANIPULATION
from photos rely on
static images; thereby
losing critical
kinematic information
pertaining:
joint displacements related to
relative angle of reference.
opposite planes and axes involving
the specific joint displacements.
…Development In Recording Technologies

CINEMATOGRAPHY
Immediate technological
improvement from
previous photographic
methods.
Among major purposes:
1. Production of dynamic
images for complete
movement sequences.
2. Skill analyses based on
specific movement
sequences.
3. Basic animation for 3D
analyses.
 ADVANTAGES OF
CINEMATOGRAPHY
Allows production of both
static & dynamic images.
MAJOR DISADVANTAGES
16@70mm film requirements
for cinematography involve
high operating costs.

Allows production of Loss of image resolution with

specific action sequence of every image reproduction
interest for further process.
temporal partitioning of
kinematic images. Almost every advantages of
cinematography can be
obtained from cheaper and
more advanced videographic
technology.
…Development In Recording Technologies

VIDEOGRAPHY
Most advanced full-feature
image capture technology to
date.

Among major purposes:

1. Real-time capture of
dynamic images for
movement performances.
2. Three-dimensional image
production.
3. Basic & advanced
animation for 3D
analyses.
Major technological improvements of
videography from previous image capture
technologies include:
Ability to interphase with computer
systems
High and multiple resolutions
Actual real time image capture.

Raw video captures are 2-dimensional

formats; but 3D data can be acquired by
using supplementary technologies.

3D analyses of video capture is possible

based on reference markers on the moving
body during the actual action.
 Surface Electromyography (EMG)
EMG measures the electrical
potential that are EMG readings during
generated from muscular posture control:
(a) Earliest muscle to
contractions.
contract is the
gastrocnemius (based on
time)
(b) Most forceful contraction
..involves placements of
is the paraspinalis.
electrodes at the location of (based on amplitude)
intended muscles to be
studied.

EMG measurements are

used to describe (a) force of
muscular contraction, and
(b) speed/sequence of
muscular contraction.
Functions of EMG data is
to measure & demonstrate
the following aspects of
muscular responses:
1. Speed of muscular response

2. Muscular response sequence

3. Muscular response intensity

Complete analyses of muscular

responses usually requires
combination of various types of
 4. Goniometry

Technology in providing
description for range of
motion; based on
measurements on angles
produced from joint
displacements.

Early technology focused on

joint displacements in static
conditions only.

At present, a dynamic 3-D

joint displacement can be
achieved through the use of
electric goniometer (elgon)
 BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF
SKILL/MOTOR PERFORMANCE
2 MAIN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES:

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
 Skill analytical process  Skill analytical process
involving gross involving mathematical
description only. analysis.
 Performed by means of  Performed by means of
systematic observation. 2D & 3D analyses.

 Major output; coaches  Major output; info. on

& athletes obtained performances based on
performance information specified performance
based on observer’s parameters; with the
knowledge (& available mathematical
limitations). analyses allowing for
ideal performance
modeling.
 BASIS FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Most basic approach involves 3 phases:

SYSTEMATIC  Involves early planning: for

OBSERVATION example, what are the performance
aspects that need to be focused
upon.. (e.g., techniques, strategy
etc.)
 Comprehensive observation; can be
achieved via technological aids (e.g.
recording technologies)

GROSS ANALYSIS  Preparation for technical knowledge.

 Identification of errors; determine

cause & contributing factors.

 Justification & explanation of

performance based on mechanical
principles.
EVALUATION OF  Providing rationale and
ANALYSIS performance feedback to
athletes; a form of ‘training’ for
athlete to acquire self-analytical
skills of their own performance.

 Complete record for all

analyses that has been
conducted.
Directions???

 Focus more on notational analysis and hands-

on experience rather than mathematical
equation.