Electrical Machines

(M2H624675)
Class 18
Starting and Speed Control of
Electric Motors
 Summary of Previous Classes
• DC Motors
• Types: Shunt, Series and Compound
• Equivalent Circuits, Voltage and Current
Equations
• Back EMF, Speed and Torque
• Power Flow and Efficiency
• Three important characteristics
• Examples and Tutorial Problems

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 Starting of Electric Motors
Starting of DC Motors
• Why starters? (Ref: Text Book :2.10 p-119-123)

• Back emf at starting = 0; High current; Limit the current to

safe limits
• High Starting Current when supply is switched on when
motor is at stand still condition -Impulse torque -over
heating of the machine
• impact on power supply- over current- voltage fluctuation
• Function of starter - to limit the starting current ; to
make the motor start (smoothly) in a desired and safe way.
For dc motor –use - resistance starters (3-point, 4- point
starters)
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 Starting of DC Motor
Ref: Section 2.10 of the Text Book- pp 119
 𝑬𝒃 =𝑽 − 𝑰 𝒂 𝑹𝒂
𝑽 − 𝑬𝒃  𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑵 =𝟎 ; 𝑬𝒃 =𝑰 𝒂=?
 
𝑰 𝒂=
𝑹𝒂
What if a series resistance R is added in series with the armature
  𝑽 − 𝑬𝒃
𝑰 𝒂=
𝑹𝒂 + 𝑹

Reduce resistance R gradually and finally cut out fully as the

motor picks up speed and produce Eb

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Three Point Starter for DC Motor

  𝑽 − 𝑬𝒃
𝑰 𝒂=
𝑹𝒂 + 𝑹

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 Speed Control of DC Motors
Back emf of a DC motor - Eb - induced emf due to
rotation of the armature in magnetic field. Thus value of
the Eb can be given by the EMF equation of a DC
generator.   𝑃 𝑁 ∅ 𝑍   𝐸𝑏
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑁 ∝
60 𝐴 ∅
(where, P= no. of poles, Ø=flux/pole, N=speed in rpm,
Z=no. of armature conductors, A=parallel paths)
Eb can also be given as,  𝑉 =𝐸𝑏 + 𝐼 𝑎 𝑅 𝑎  𝑬𝒃 =𝑽 − 𝑰 𝒂 𝑹𝒂

Speed is directly proportional to   𝑉 − 𝐼 𝑎 𝑅𝑎

the back emf Eb and inversely 𝑁∝
proportional to the flux Ø per ∅
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 Speed control of DC motor - Methods
Speed control of Shunt motor
1. Filed ( Flux) Control Method
speed of the motor is inversely proportional to flux. Thus
by decreasing flux speed can be increased and vice versa.
2. Armature Resistance (Rheostatic) Control Method
Supply voltage kept constant - voltage across the armature
is varied by inserting a variable rheostat in series.
As the series
resistance
increases, the
voltage across the
armature decreases
and hence speed
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 Speed control of DC motor - Methods
3. Shunted Armature Control Method
A shunt resistance connected as a voltage divider across
the armature. The speed is approximately proportional
to the voltage across the armature. By varying the
voltage speed can be varied
4. Voltage Control Method
• Filed connected to a fixed
voltage
• Armature supplied with
variable voltage supply.
• By varying the voltage speed is
varied
Modern Trend : use of Thyristor based circuits
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 Speed control of DC motor - Methods
Series Motor
Armature Resistance Control - Series resistance:
At start include full resistance in the circuit
• Reduce the resistance gradually as the motor speeds
up

By varying the resistance

(voltage across the
armature is varied thus the
speed is varied

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Different Methods

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Different Methods

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 Speed control of DC motor - Methods
Series Motor- Field Control
• Series Resistance Control
• Field Diverter
• Tapped field control

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 Summary

Starting of DC Motors
Three Point starter
Speed Control Methods for DC Motors
• Armature Resistance/ Rheostat control

• Field Control

• Voltage Control - Thyristor Based Control

• Series Parallel Control

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