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Farmakologi, 2B Farmasi
Gagal Jantung
Heart Failure is pathophysiolgic state in which the
heart is unable to pump blood at a rate commensurte
with the requirements of metabolizing tissues, or can
do so only from an elevated filling pressure
Prevalensi
Patofisiologi
PATOFISIOLOGI
• Causes of systolic dysfunction (decreased contractility) are reduced muscle mass (eg,
myocardial infarction [MI]), dilated cardiomyopathies, and ventricular hypertrophy.
Ventricular hypertrophy can be caused by pressure overload (eg, systemic or pulmonary
hypertension and aortic or pulmonic valve stenosis) or volume overload (eg, valvular
regurgitation, shunts, high-output states).
• Causes of diastolic dysfunction (restriction in ventricular filling) are increased ventricular
stiffness, ventricular hypertrophy, infiltrative myocardial diseases, myocardial ischemia and
MI, mitral or tricuspid valve stenosis, and pericardial disease (eg, pericarditis and
pericardial tamponade).
• The leading causes of HF are coronary artery disease and hypertension.
• As cardiac function decreases after myocardial injury, the heart relies on compensatory
mechanisms: (1) tachycardia and increased contractility through sympathetic nervous
system activation; (2) the Frank–Starling mechanism, whereby increased preload increases
stroke volume; (3) vasoconstriction; and (4) ventricular hypertrophy and remodeling.
Although these compensatory mechanisms initially maintain cardiac function, they are
responsible for the symptoms of HF and contribute to disease progression.
Patofisiologi
Etiologi - Gagal Jantung Kiri
Disfunction Sistolic
Ischemic Heart Disease
Hypertension
Dilated Cardiomyophaty
Disfunction Distolic
Hypertension
Aortic Stenosis
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive Cardiomyophaty
Etiologi - Gagal Jantung Kanan
Left Sided Heart Failure Biventricular
Right Left (Shunt)
Symptomp
• Patient presentation may range from asymptomatic to cardiogenic
shock.
• Primary symptoms are dyspnea (particularly on exertion) and fatigue,
which lead to exercise intolerance. Other pulmonary symptoms include
orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and cough.
• Fluid overload can result in pulmonary congestion and peripheral
edema.
• Nonspecific symptoms may include fatigue, dyspnea, ortopnea.
• Physical examination findings may include pulmonary crackles.
symptoms of pulmonary edema (extreme breathlessness and anxiety,
sometimes with coughing), peripheral edema, jugular venous distention
Terapi
1. Vasodilator
2. Diuretik
3. Obat-obat inotropik
Vasodilator
Zat-zat yang mempunyai efek melebarkan
pembuluh darah secara langsung
Vasodilator parental Dosis : untuk hipertensi darurat
Obat : diazoxide adalah 1-3 mg/kg setai 5-15
Mekanisme : menyebabkan menit. Kemudian setiap 4-24
hiperpolarisasi sel-set otot polos arteri jam melalui infus. Obat ini harus
dengan mengaktivasi saluran K⁺ yang diberikan dalam waktu kurang
sensitif ATP dari 30 detik ke pembuluh darah
Indikasi :hipoglikemia dan prader will perifer. Dosis maksimal 150 mg.
sindrome
untuk mengobati hipoglikemia
Kontraindikasi : tidak boleh pada dosis diazoxide adalah 3-8
pengunaan ibu hamil mg/kg/hari. Diminum langsung
Efek samping : ` pada dosis yang terbagi setiap 8
• iskemia miokardial atau 12 jam. Dosis yang lebih
• Retensi garam dan air tinggi (hingga 15mg/kg/hari)
• Hiperglikemi telah digunakan hipoglikemia
• Iskemia serebral refaktori
Vasodilator oral
Penghambat ACE
Obat : captopril
Mekanisme : menghambat
konversi angiotensin I menjadi
angiotensin II
Indikasi : hipertensi, gagal
jantung
Kontraindikasi : penggunaan
tidak dianjurkan pada wanita
hamil karena dapat berakibat
kelainan pada fetus (janin)
Efek samping : ruam kulit,
pruritus, fotosensitif, sakit
kepala, pusing, mual, dan
insomnia
Dosis
Beta bloker
Obat : propanlol, acebutolol
Mekanisme : menghalangi aksi
hormon adrenalin dan
noreadrenalin
Indikasi : angina pektoris,
takhiaritmia, hipertensi, dan
infark jantung, gagal jantung
kongestif
Kontraindikasi : asma, hipotensi
Efek samping : gangguan saluran
cerna, kelemahan otot, kelelahan
Dosis : oral, hipertensi dosis
awal 80 mg 2 kali sehari.
Nitrat
Obat : isosorbid dinitrat,
isosorbid mononitrat,
nitrogliserin.
Mekanisme : untuk
meningkatkan vasodilatasi
Indikasi : angina pektoris,
infark jantung
Kontraindikasi : hipotensi,
syok kardiogenik
Efek samping : sakit kepala
Dosis :
Mekanisme golongan nitrat
Diuretik
Loop diuretik
Obat : Furosemide, bumetanide,
toresemid
Mekanisme : menghambat kontraspor