ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION AND UTILIZATION

PT BE VII SEM

19-10-2020

Day 17

07:45 PM TO 09:15 PM
 ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION AND
UTILIZATION

UNIT-IV-ILLUMINATION AND TRACTION

Visible region of the spectrum - Laws of illumination – Polar

curves of different types of sources - Determination of MHCP
and MSCP - Design of lighting schemes for factories,
auditoriums, offices, hospitals and residential buildings -
Gaseous and discharge lamps - Sodium vapors lamp -
Mercury vapor lamp - Electric Traction –Types of traction
systems- Speed time curves-Tractive effort- Specific energy
output from simplified speed time curve- Motors used for
traction.
 Tractive Effort for propulsion of Train
• The effective force necessary to push the train at the
wheel of the locomotive is called the tractive effort.
• Total tractive effort required to run a train on track,
Ft = Fa  + Fg + Fr
Fa is the tractive effort required for linear and angular
acceleration
Fg is the tractive effort to overcome the effect of gravity
Fr is the tractive effort to overcome the train resistance
 SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• The energy input to the motor is called the energy
consumption of the train as it is this energy which is
utilized for movement of the train.
• SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION
It is defined as the energy consumed per Ton-metre. 
• FACTORS AFFECTING SPECIFIC ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
Distance between the stops
Maximum speed
Weight of the train
Train resistance
Acceleration and retardation
 Motor Employed in Traction

• 1. D.C series motor

• 2.A.C series motor (only compensated series type
commutator motor) – These motors are used for main
line services.
• 3.Three –phase induction motor – With help of power
converter –able to get variable speed control.
 Traction motor Control

• Various methods for controlling the speed of d.c series

motors:
• 1. Rheostatic control
• 2.series-parallel control
• 3.Field Control
• 4. Buck- Boost converter control method (solid state
control method)
• 5.Thyristor control method (solid state control method)
Speed Control of Traction Motors
1.DC-Series Motors
Chopper controlled DC series motor
• Speed control in single phase motors can
be done using
• Resistances
In this method, resistances are used to
reduce the voltage available at the motor
terminals. 
• TRIAC 
A Triac is a three terminal semiconductor
device.  The current flowing through a
thyristor can be controlled by controlling
the gate voltage. 
• Gears
Gears are also a method of speed controls.
• VFDs
VFDs or Variable Frequency Drives control
the speed of the motor by controlling the
frequency of the power supply on the input
speed control of three phase motor