Chapter 2 WCDMA RAN Optimization - Accessibility v2

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
WCDMA RAN Optimization
Chapter 2: Service Accessibility

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Chapter 2 Objectives
After this module, the participants will be able to:
1. Explain the function of Idle Mode Behavior,

2. Explain the function and impact of admission control
3. Explain the function and impact of congestion control
4. Explain the function and impact of load sharing
5. Explain which counters and formulas to use in order to retrieve the
worst cells
6. Explain techniques for troubleshooting Accessibility KPIs,
clustering and drill through statistics analyze.
7. Analyze data from real networks and propose changes in order to
improve the network performance related to retainability
© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

. A Figure2 3 - Service Accessibility
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Accessibility

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Accessibility
Accessibility is defined as the ability of a user to obtain

requested service from the system.

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A mobile originating call setup
workflow
MS Originating Call Setup
Random Access
RRC Connection Setup
NAS procedures:
Service Request
Authentication
Security
RAB Assignment

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Service Accessibility Workflow
Other Modules
Recommendatio
Performance Performance Verification of
n&
Measurements Analysis changes
Implementation
Idle mode Squal, Srxlev,

Alarms qQualmin, qRxLevMin,
Cell Availability RRC Connection
Random Access maxTxPowerUl, t3212,
NAS t3312, aichPower,
Counters powerOffsetP0,
RAB Assignment
preambleRetransMax,
constantValueCprach
pmTotNoRrcConnectCsSucc
pmTotNoRrcConnectPsSucc
pmNoRabEstablishAttempt<RAB>
pmNoRabEstablishSuccess<RAB>
pmNoPageDiscardCmpLoadC
pmNoPagingAttemptUtranRejected

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CS Accessibility

Accessibility – Worst performing
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cells
• UE may perform cell re-selection during RRC Connection
• It may repeat RRC Connection Request message N300

times which may arrive at different cell,
• There is a chance that access success rate for some cells

may show larger than 100% success rate.

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cells
 Which setup success rate should be used for finding
worst cells?
 If the optimization strategy is to handle all the worst
cells regarding a certain service, then formulas for each
service should be used.
 pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCsSucc   pmTotNoRabEstablishSuccess  RAB  

    
 pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCs - pmNoLoadSharingRrcConnCs   pmTotNoRabEstablishAttempt  RAB  - pmDirRetry 
Where <RAB> = Speech, CS64 or CS57

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cells
 pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCsSucc   pmTotNoRabEstablishSuccess  RAB  
    
 pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCs - pmNoLoadSharingRrcConnCs   pmTotNoRabEstablishAttempt  RAB  - pmDirRetry 
• exclude directed-retry to GSM from the RAB establishment

attempt, so that it is not counted as access failure on WCDMA
RAN.
• The load-sharing with GSM from the RRC Request

Success can also be removed.

. A Figure103 - Service Accessibility
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cells
Especially for AMR calls:
 pmTotNoRab EstablishSuccessAmrNb 
100   
 pmTotNoRab EstablishAttemptAmrNb 
The percentage of AMR calls compared to the normal speech

calls:
 pmTotNoRab EstablishSuccessAmrNb 
100   
 pmTotNoRab EstablishSuccessSpeech 

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cells
Especially for HS calls:
pmTotRrcCo nnectReqPsSucc(UtranCell) ptnNoRubEstablishSuccessPacketInteractiveHs(UtranCell )
HS _ A(UtranCell )  100 %  
ptnTotNoRr cConnectReqPs(UtranCell) ptnNoRubEstablishAttemptPacketInteractiveHs (UtranCell )
The percentage of EUL calls

pmTotNoRrc ConnectReqPsSucc(UtranCell ) pmNoRubEstablishSuccessPacketInteractiveEal (UtranCell )
EUL _ A(UtranCell )  100 %   pmNoRubEstablishAttemptPacketInteractiveEal (UtranCell )
pmTotNoRrc ConnectReqPs (UtranCell )

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Performance Analysis

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Idle mode tasks
 PLMN selection and reselection
 Cell selection and reselection
 Location area (LA) and routing area (RA) registration
 Paging procedure
 Reading system information

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The Idle mode tasks
Automatic/Manual Indication to user
mode selection
PLMN Selection
PLMN selected PLMNs

available
LR Response
Cell Selection/Reselection
Registration
area changes
Location
registration

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PLMN Selection
PLMN selection is the first step in the registration process that
allows a UE to carry out or receive services from an operator.
The UE normally operates on its home PLMN. However, a Visited

PLMN (VPLMN) may be selected if the UE loses coverage.
A UE successfully registers on a PLMN if it finds a suitable cell to

camp on within the selected PLMN. The UE displays to the user
that this PLMN is registered. When a UE does not find a suitable
cell in the selected PLMN, it tries to camp on any other acceptable
cell within an allowed PLMN.

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Determination of Cell Selection
Criteria • qQualmin
CPICH • qRxLevMin
• Qqualmeas • maxPowerul
• Qrxlevmeas P-CCPCH
Squal = Qqualmeas- qQualMin > 0

Suitable
cell Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas – qRxLevMin – Pcompensation > 0
Where Pcompensation = max(maxTxPowerul – P;0)

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Determination of Cell Selection Criteria
Details
• qQualmin is sent in the broadcast information (SIB 3 for
serving cell and SIB 11 for adjacent cells) and indicates the
minimum required quality value. The UE measures the
received quality, “Qqualmeas”; on the CPICH (CPICH Ec/No)
and calculates Squal. This is only done for WCDMA cells.
• qRxLevMin is also sent in the system information (SIB 3

for serving cell and in SIB 11 for adjacent cells) and indicates
the minimum required signal strength. The UE measures the
received signal Code Power (CPICH RSCP) and obtains
Srxlev

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Details
• maxTxPowerUl is the maximum transmission power
during random access on the RACH and that value is sent in
the system information (SIB 3).
• P is the UE maximum output power according to its class.

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Details
Details
• The UE shall measure the CPICH Ec/No and the CPICH

RSCP of the serving cell and evaluate the cell selection
criterion, S, at least every DRX cycle.
• The UE shall filter the Ec/No and RSCP measurements of

the serving cell using at least two measurements.

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Details
Parameters
To control the cell size in Idle mode use
qHyst - (presented by qHyst1 and qHyst2) are added to the

measured values of the serving cell. These parameters
expand the cell borders of the serving cell in order to avoid
ping-pong effects
qOffset – (qOffset1 or qOffset2) add an offset value for a

cell-to-cell relation that are used to move the borders
between the cells.

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Cell Reselection (R-Criteria)
R-criteria Priority 7
Used when qualMeasQuantity = 1 (CPICH RSCP) R(neighbor)
0 to 40 Default = 4 Rank 1
qHyst1
R(serving) =
R(serving) = Qmeas(s)
Qmeas(s) +
+ or + Qoffmbms
+ Qoffmbms*1 Priority 7
qHyst2 R(neighbor)
Rank 2
Used when qualMeasQuantity = 2 (CPICH Ec/No)
0 to 40 Default = 4 Priority 7
Used when qualMeasQuantity = 1 (CPICH RSCP)
R(neighbor)
-50 to 50 dB Default = 0 dB (WCDMA) 7 dB (GSM) Rank 3
qOffset1sn
R(neighbor) = Qmeas(n) --
R(neighbor) = Qmeas(n) or + Qoffmbms
+ Qoffmbms11 -- TO(n)
TO(n)22 ‘treSelection’
qOffset2sn (2 sec default)
Used when qualMeasQuantity = 2 (CPICH Ec/No)

-50 to 50 dB Default = 0 dB
Qoffmbms = qualityOffset parameter for
1 2
H-criteria
MBMS. Not used with HCS temporary offset

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Cell update procedure
Cell update procedures can happen at:
• cell update in the same cell (periodic update),
• cell update in a new cell (cell reselection),
• cell update during channel switching
• cell update during RAB establishment.

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Cell update procedure
The success rate for cell updates can be found with the
following formula:
pmNoCellUpdSuccess
100 
pmNoCellUpdAttempt
pmNoCellUpdSuccess - Total number of successful cell

updates (periodic and cell reselection, RNC Cell Update
procedure for Cell Reselection or Periodic Cell Update
completed successfully.
pmNoCellUpdAttempt - Total number of attempted cell

update procedures (periodic and cell reselection, RRC Cell
Update message received with Cell Update Cause = Cell
Reselection or Periodic Cell Update)
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Location and Routing Area update
There are three types of LA and RA registration updates:
1. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) attach or detach
2. Normal LA and RA updating
3. Periodic LA and RA updating

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Periodic Registration
UE moves to UE moves to
UE in idle mode connected mode idle mode
t3212 t3212
LA Update LA Update LA Update
Periodic registration (LA and RA updating) is used to locate the UE to avoid

unnecessary paging attempts for a UE that has lost coverage and is not able
to inform the CN that it is inactive.
Timer t3212 controls the periodic LA update procedure
Timer t3312 controls the periodic RA update procedure
RRC Service State Description
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CELL_DCH state
UE is known by its serving RNC (SRNC), on cell level or active

set level. UE has been allocated a dedicated channel. Dedicated
control channels (DCCH) are used for control signaling and a
dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) is used for user data
transmission. DCCH and DTCH are mapped onto dedicated
transport channels (DCH).
For multimode terminals (WCDMA – GSM/GPRS) it is possible to

perform Inter Radio Access Technology handover (IRATHO)
(WCDMA to GSM) and Inter Radio Access Technology Cell
Change (IRATCC) (WCDMA to GPRS).
HS-DSCH can only be operated in CELL_DCH state

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CELL_FACH state
UE has no dedicated channel allocated.
UE uses the common channels, RACH and FACH, for signaling

messages and small amounts of data (best effort).
The UE is known on cell level in the RNC and need to send Cell
Update messages to RNC every time it selects a new cell. In this
state the UE need to decode system information, which is mapped
on FACH.

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CELL_PCH state
The UE is known on a cell level in the SRNC for CELL_PCH, but

it can only be reached via the Paging Indicator Channel (PICH).
Therefore is the battery consumption of the UE very low because
the PICH includes Discontinuous Reception (DRX) functionality.
If the network wants to initiate any activity, it first needs to page

the UE. When the UE receives the paging it changes to the
CELL_FACH state, and performs a Cell Update. Whenever the UE
wants to initiate any activity it triggers a switch to the CELL_FACH
state by performing a Cell Update

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URA_PCH
The URA_PCH state is similar to the CELL_PCH state.
The difference is that the UE does not execute Cell Update

after Cell reselection, but instead it reads the UTRAN
Registration Area (URA) identities from the broadcast channel
and only when URA changes, the UE performs a URA Update.
URA Update is also initiated when the UE enters a cell that has
no URAs defined. This will trigger a release of the RRC
Connection and the UE enters Idle mode.

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URA update
In state URA_PCH, the procedure URA Update is used to keep WCDMA
RAN informed about the UEs location on a URA level.
As part of a supervision mechanism, URA Update is performed periodically.

The periodicity is controlled by the timer t305.
The success rate of the URA update can be found with the following
formula:
pmNoUraUpdSuccess
100 
pmNoUraUpdAttempt

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Paging
Paging is initiated upon request from the CN (when UE is in idle
mode) or triggered in UTRAN
It is used to notify the UE of different events

These events are:
UE terminating service request for PS or CS services (CN

initiated). CN initiated paging is applicable to UEs in idle
mode.
UTRAN initiated broadcast to inform UEs when System

Information is modified. UTRAN initiated paging is used
whenever System Information has been updated (e.g.
information about cell selection/ reselection,
addition/replacement of neighbours, handover etc).

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Paging
The paging message has the following characteristics:
• Type of paging message: Paging Type 1 or Paging Type 2
• UE identity used in the message (IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI,

changing in length)
• The physical radio channels and type of resource required
• The area in which the page will be broadcasted (LA, RA or

globally)

Paging TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The paging message type 1:
UE in Idle Mode
A PCH frame carries one “Paging Type 1” message of 10 ms
It may contain between 3-5 paging records depending on

whether the paging uses IMSI or TMSI/P-TMSI.
The paging message type 2:
UE in Cell_FACH or Cell_DCH (common or dedicated

physical channels are already in use)
Used for Broadcasting of System Info changes

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Paging success rate in MSC
If the operator wants to check the paging success rate, this should be
done on MSC level.
Successful First and Repeated Page attempts of total number of first

attempts.
Paging success rate in a MSC:
 NPAG1RESUC C  NPAG2RESUC C 
100   
 NPAG1GLTOT  NPAG1LOTOT 

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Paging counters and formulas
RAN considerations
Total number of pages discarded due to central MP load control for a
RNC pmNoPageDiscardCmpLoadC
Pages request rejection for a cell pmNoPagingAttemptUtranRejected
Paging intensity per cell in a RNC (if RNC, LA and RA consist of exact
same cells):
pmCnInitPa gingToIdle UeLa  pmCnInitPa gingToIdle UeRa  pmCnInitPa gingToIdle Ue

measuremen t period  total number of cells in that RNC

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The Paging counter flowchart

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Paging counter flow (cont)

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Paging counter flow (cont)

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Paging Statistics

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Paging Statistics
• Paging Reject%
• Formül: PMNOPAGINGATTEMPTUTRANREJECTED / PMNOPAGINGTYPE1ATTEMPT
• Anlamı: Yüksek sayıda Paging yada Paging kuyruğunda yer bulunamaması
nedeniyle yaşanan Paging Reject’lerin toplam Paging type 1’lere yüzdesi. CCP-SP
Overload nedenlerden biridir
• #OF_REJECTED_PAGING_ATTEMPT: PMNOPAGINGATTEMPTUTRANREJECTED
• Formül: PMNOPAGINGATTEMPTUTRANREJECTED / PMNOPAGINGTYPE1ATTEMPT
• Anlamı: Yüksek sayıda Paging yada Paging kuyruğunda yer bulunamaması
nedeniyle yaşanan Paging Reject’ler. CCP-SP Overload nedenlerden biridir
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Paging Statistics
• #OF_TYPE1_PAGING_ATTEMPT
• Formül: PMNOPAGINGTYPE1ATTEMPT
• Anlamı: Yapılan Paging Type 1 sayısı
• #OF_CN_INITIATED_PAGES_(TYPE2)
• Formül: PMNOPAGINGATTEMPTCNINITDCCH
• Anlamı: Yapılan Paging Type 2 sayısı
• #OF_TYPE1_PAGATMPT_TERM_CSCALL
• Formül: PMNOPAGINGTYPE1ATTEMPTCS
• Anlamı: Yapılan CS Termininating Paging Type 1 sayısı
• #OF_TYPE1_PAGATMPT_TERM_PSCALL
• Formül: PMNOPAGINGTYPE1ATTEMPTPS
• Anlamı: Yapılan PS Terminating Paging Type 1 sayısı

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Paging Statistics

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Paging Statistics
• Paging Fwd Suc%

• Formül: (PMINITPAGINGTOIDLEUERA + PMCNINITPAGINGTOIDLEUELA +
PMCNINITPAGINGTOIDLEUE ) / ( PMCNINITPAGINGTOIDLEUERA +
PMCNINITPAGINGTOIDLEUELA + PMCNINITPAGINGTOIDLEUE + PMNOPAGEDSCDCMPLOADC)
• Anlamı: MP Load Dolayısıyla Reject edilmeyen çağrıların toplama oranı
• Paging Disc MP %
• Anlamı: MP Load Dolayısıyla Reject edilen çağrıların toplama oranı
System Information TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The system information explains to the UE how to behave in

the cell (parameters).
The system information elements are broadcasted in System

Information Blocks (SIB) where it groups together system
information elements of the same nature
A Master Information Block (MIB) gives references to a number

of SIBs in a cell, including scheduling information for those
SIBs (If a change in System information has occurred, the MIB informs the UE by assigning
value tags for each SIB. This is to prevent unnecessary decoding of same information)
SIBs are organized as a tree . SIB messages are sent on

BCCH logical channel
FACH transport BCH transport
UEs in Cell_FACH UEs in idle mode, Cell_PCH URA_PCH
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
System Information
The table below contains a description of the information that is carried
by the MIB and the SIBs
SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB
Contents MIB
1 2 3 5 7 11 12
PLMN Identity X
LA and RA updating X
Cell Selection / Reselection
X X
Parameters
Power Control on Common
X
Channel
Paging Parameters X
URA Identity list X
Measurement Management X X
Cell and common channel
X
configuration
Timers and counters in Idle mode X
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Random Access Process

Random Access TURKCELL DAHİLİ
General process
The UE is in idle state => it sends the RRC Connection Request

message.
The RNC has correctly received the request over the Random
Access Channel (RACH).
If the RNC does not receive the RRC Connection Request

message the UE returns in Idle state

Random Access – RRC connection
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establishment

Random Access counter flow
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Problem: There is no statistic counter to directly present

random access procedure failure behavior.
Solution: The preamble or AICH counters can be analyzed in

order to determine the probability of occurring random access
procedure failure problem.

Random Access counter flow
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Case: Maximum allowed attempts (N300=5) has been reached
Reason: cause of failure is that
1. either RBS has blocked the access (negative AICH)
2. or preambles sent by the UE are not received
3. or ignored (no AICH is sent)
4. or UE does not receive the AICH positive for any reason

(power control).

Random Access - AICH TURKCELL DAHİLİ
REMEMBER:
1. AICH is not continuously broadcast in the cell.
2. Its power, aichPower, is expressed as an offset relative to the PCPICH power.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Random Access Counter flow
Random Access is NAttempts =0
the same for every
kind of service: CS, NAttempts =+1
PS, Registrations,
Signalling, SMS,
etc. NAttemptsi >
Yes Random
N300 (=5)? Access
No
Failure
UE sends preambles
sequences
No response is sent
and/or received by Negative AICH is sent
UE over AICH
(Cell) pmNegativeMessages +
Positive AICH is sent

(Cell) pmPositiveMessages +
UE does not receive
positive AICH
(Cell) pmFaultyTransportBlocks +
UE receives positive
AICH

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Random Access counter flow (cont)
UE receive positive
AICH
(Cell) pmFaultyTransportBlocks +
UE receives positive AICH
UE sends message
“RRC Connection Request”
RNC does not receive

the message RNC receives the message
(Cell) pmTotNoRrcConnectReq +
(Cell) pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCs +
(Cell) pmNoRecRandomAccSuccess +
(Cell) pmTransportBlocks +

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Negative AICH - explanation
UE uses Transport Channel RACH (Random Access Channel)
to access the UTRAN.
Information about available sub-channels and available

preamble signatures according to ASC (Access Service
Class) is included in PRACH (Physical RACH) information (or
PRACH information).
According to the PRACH information, a preamble signature

is assigned to a UE depending on what ASC the UE intends to
use on an available RACH sub-channel. The preamble
signature is determined uniformly, randomly based on the IMSI
(International Mobile Subscriber Identity) of the UE and time
information.
TURKCELL DAHİLİ

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
After the preamble signature is determined, access slots
for the preamble are determined.
UE transmits to the UTRAN the preamble with the determined

signature in the access slots with predetermined power.
UTRAN checks for the signatures and determines whether an

RACH corresponding to the preamble signature is already in
use.
If the RACH is not used UTRAN transmits the AICH to the UE.
If the RACH is in use, the UTRAN transmits a negative AICH to

the UE
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Preamble FALSE Detection
Prach pmNoPreambleFalseDetection long
Peg,ropReset
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The number of false detections owing to noise on RACH.
Counter type: Peg
Counter is reset after measurement interval: Yes
Condition: The actual measurement is started when the PRACH is setup. The counter is
not stepped due to EUL FACH activity.
Undefined value: -1
Use cases: Collect and Administrate Performance Measurement Data
Requirement: POWCTRL_RBS_OBS:50, EULFACH_OBS_RBS-OSS_3051:01007
Ref. [CB_PMG]
******************************************************************************************************
The counter pmNoPreambleFalseDetection is able to count the

number of times the RBS misinterpreted noise as a preamble.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Random Access - Reselection
Attention!!!!
During the RACH procedure, the UE is allowed to make a cell

reselection.
In case of cell reselection or when the response from the

RNC is delayed more than T300 (=1 sec) more than one
RRC Connection Request could be sent to the RNC.
Only the first attempt is counted by pmTotNoRrcConnectReq

and pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCs counters.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
WCDMA Power Control
WCDMA Power Control
BLE R:Blo ck E rror Ra te
SIR: S ignal to Inte rfer ence Ratio Uplink
Uplink SIR target outer loop
TPC: Transmit Po wer Control
BLER-Measured
Inner loop
SIR-Target
Downlink TPC modified
Uplink
TPC Uplink SIR-Target
Downlink Uplink SIR error
Downlink SIR target
outer loop
RNC
BLER-Measured Open loop
SIR-Target Starting power
modified
1/ 038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5686 PA3 22 WCDMA Radio Network Functionality

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Open Loop power control
The aim of open loop power control in the uplink is to ensure
that new connections are established causing minimum
interference.
Using open loop power control in the downlink will minimize

the power used to setup a connection thus maximizing the
capacity.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Uplink Open Loop Power Control
Dedicated channel at just enough power Connection

established
with minimum
interference
to other users
wer
UE 1 po
ted
ula
l c
1) UE measures Pilot t ca
a
its
2) Reads interference nsm 4) The power is ramped
level from Broadcast Tra up until a response is
channel 3)
heard or maximum
number of re-attempts is
reached
RBS
UE 2
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Downlink Open Loop Power Control
Dedicated channel at just enough power
wer
po
ted
ula
alc 1) Uses
c
s at parameters to
it calculate
UE 1 m
ans required power
) Tr
2
3) The power is ramped
up until a response is Minimum downlink
heard or until a certain power used to setup a
maximum power is connection thus
reached maximizing downlink
capacity
UE 2 RBS

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
RACH Preamble Power Setting
The UE will transmit its first RACH preamble at a PRACH
Calculated power (P_PRACH).
After the first preamble, if no acknowledgement is received for the

successive preambles, a preamble power ramping is adopted with
step equal to the parameter ‘powerOffsetPO’ which may be set
between 1 and 8 dB in steps of 1 dB. default value is 3 dB
Each preamble will be ramped up by 3 dB from the previous

until an Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH) is received or the
maximum number of attempts has been made.
Maximum number of attempts is set with the parameter

‘preambleRetransMax’, which can be set from 1 to 64 with a
default of 8.
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
RACH Preamble Power Setting
If the maximum number of attempts has been exceeded another
preamble cycle may be started and a new value for P_PRACH
calculated. The maximum number of preamble cycles is set with
the parameter ‘maxPreambleCycle’ which can be set from 1 to
32 (default = 4).
If a positive AICH is received the UE will transmit the RACH

message at a power above the last preamble by a value set by
Parameter ‘powerOffsetPpm’ (Range [ –5,10 dB] in steps of
1 dB, default value of –4dB).

RACH Preamble Ramping
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
powerOffsetPO powerOffsetPpM
2
nd
Preamble
UE
1st
P_PRACH Control Part
Preamble
AICH AICH
powerOffsetPO = 1 to 8 dB default = 3 dB
powerOffsetPpM = -5 to 10 dB default = -4dB
preambleRetransMax = 1 … 64 default = 8
RBS
maxPreambleCycle = 1…32 default = 4

Random Access TURKCELL DAHİLİ
random access problems
suspected
yes reduce overshooting

traffic far from check cell range
end
site parameter
cellRange
no
check power ramping:
preamble no - preambleRetransMax
reached UE reached (Rach)
no
the RBS maximum TX - powerOffsetP0 (Rach)
power
yes
check max allowed power:
yes - maxTxPowerUl (UtranCell)
AI received on no
AICH
check UL interference:
yes UL RTWP [PDF, avg]
False RACH Detections
check acquisition indicators:
Acquisition Indicator Negative
messages % check AICH power: check UL congestion:
- aichPower (Rach) Congestion Time UL
Congestion Control Triggered
high number of UL
negative AI no
check feeder information:
yes - dlAttenuation
(AntFeederCable)
check message part power: - ulAttenuation
check RACH capacity,
- powerOffsetPpm (Rach) (AntFeederCable)
consider offloading RACH
check TMA information:

RACH troubleshooting - TMA UL gain
unknown problem
- TMA DL loss

RACH Statistics TURKCELL DAHİLİ
• AICH Negative %:
• Formül: PMNEGATIVEMESSAGES / (PMNEGATIVEMESSAGES+PMPOSITIVEMESSAGES)
• Anlamı: Negatif AICH’lerin toplam AICH’lere oranı. RACH Kapasite problemi olabilir
• False RACH:
• Formül: PMNOPREAMBLEFALSEDETECTION
• Anlamı: The number of false detections owing to noise on RACH.

RACH Statistics TURKCELL DAHİLİ
•False RACH %:
• Formül: PMNOPREAMBLEFALSEDETECTION /
(PMPOSITIVEMESSAGES+PMNEGATIVEMESSAGES)
• Anlamı: The number of false detections owing to noise on RACH
•AICH Negative #
• Formül: PMNEGATIVEMESSAGES
• Anlamı: The number of negative Acquisition Indicator (AI) messages sent on the
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
•AICH Positive #
• Formül: PMPOSITIVEMESSAGES
• Anlamı: The number of positive Acquisition Indicator (AI) messages sent on the
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
RRC Connection counter flow
RRC Connection
The UE always initiates the establishment of an RRC

connection by sending the RRC Connection Request
message
Inside this message there always exist an establishment code

(Emergency call, Registration, Originating Call, IRAT Cell
Reselection...).

RRC Connection counter flow
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
RNC receives the message
After RRC Connection Establishment message, RRC Connection is
RRC Connection Request
assigned an U-RNTI (PLMN-unique), that is SRNC identity and an
idle S-RNTI (RNC-unique). A UE context is established for this UE.
UE context allocation
Context allocation failure
OK
(Cell) pmNoOfRedirectedEmergencycalls + Emergency Call

Redirection of
Emergency Call
No
(Cell) pmNoRejRrcConnMmpLoadC + Processor Load control (MP)

Access not
allowed OK
Access not
(Cell) pmNoReqDeniedAdm + allowed Admission Control
Access not allowed
OK
Load Sharing Multifrequency Load Sharing
Load Sharing
RRC Redirection
No
(Cell) pmTotNoUtranRejRrcConnReq + Channel code allocation

(Cell) pmNoDlChCodeAllocAttemptSf128 +
Admission Control algorithm checks if the new radio link can
be allowed in the cell
Code Control algorithms allocate the uplink scrambling code, downlink scrambling code
and downlink channelization code.
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
RRC Connection counter flow (cont)
Channel code allocation

Code not available (Cell) pmNoDlChCodeAllocAttemptSf128 +
(Cell) pmNoDlChCodeAllocFailureSf128+ OK
(UL BBP) pmSetupFailureSf64 + Radio Link Setup

RAX or TXB (UL BBP) pmSetupAttemptsSf64 +
(DL BBP) pmSetupFailureSf128 +
Congestion (DL BBP) pmSetupAttemptsSf128 +
(Cell) pmNoFailedAfterAdm +
AAL2 Setup
AAL2 Failure
(Cell) pmTotNoUtranRejRrcConnReq +
OK
RNC sends the message RNC sends the message

RRC Connection Reject RRC Connection Setup

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
RRC Connection – MP Load
RRC connection rejection rate due to module MP load control

for a cell could be found in the following formula:
pmNoRejRrcConnMpLoad C
100%
pmTotNoRrc ConnectReq - pmNoLoadSh aringRrcCo nn
One reason for MP load can be too many periodic registrations

(LA, RA updates)
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
RRC Connection – Admission control
WCDMA Capacity = Admission Control + Congestion
Control
Admission control blocks new incoming calls as well as

handover attempts when the load (power) in the system is high
The admission decision is based on air interface load, by using

measurements of uplink interference, downlink output power
as well as the actual number of users.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Summary of the Admission Policy Evaluation

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Admission control is together with Congestion control
WCDMA Capacity Management (Admission Control)
part of the WCDMA Capacity Management.
Admission
limit
Cell Load
RBS
The UE is blocked because the cell load has reached the

1/ 038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5686 PA1 22 WCDMA Radio Network Functionality
defined ‘admission limit’

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Problems with Admission Control
Admission Control blocks due to improper admission threshold

settings.
There are nine admission policies to control the blocking:
UL ASE, DL ASE,
DL TX cell power, spreading factor usage,
code usage, Hw usage,
amount of HS users, congestion
number of users in compressed mode.
Understanding of which cause(s) to trigger blocking is

necessary to solve the problem.
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
RRC Connection – Admission
control (cont I)
RESOURCE REQUEST
Is admission control YES, then
blocked by congestion block
control?
NO, then
accept
NO YES, then
YES, then block
block Requested + est # compressed Requested HW + estimated
mode RL > CompModeAdm HW > ulHwAdm
NO NO
YES, then YES, then
block Requested + estimated code Requested + estimated # HS block
usage > DlCodeAdm users > hsdpaUsersAdm
NO NO YES, then
YES, then Sf = 8 block
block Requested DL SF + est. Dl Req. + est. # Eul users in serving
SF > SfXAdm, sf =16 cell> eulServingCellUsersAdm
sf = 32
NO NO
Requested ASE dl + est. ASE Requested + estimated # Eul users
dl > AseDlAdm in non serving cell > YES, then
YES, then
eulNonServingCellUsersAdm block
block NO
NO
Requested ASE Ul + est. Requested DL pwr + YES, then
YES, then ASE Ul > AseUlAdm estimated pwr > pwrAdm block
NO
block

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
control (cont II)

Counter Description
pmNoReqDeniedAdm Number of RAB establishment and RRC requests denied due
to AC, both drifting and non-drifting UEs. This counter is
increased when admission is denied for radio resources.
pmNoFailedAfterAdm Number of RRC establishment requests and RAB
establishment requests failed after being admitted, both
drifting and non-drifting UEs. This counter is increased after
the admission is accepted for radio resources issue, but when
it is denied due to a shortage of transport network
resources/channel elements
pmNoRrcReqDeniedAdm Number of RRC requests denied due to AC, both drifting and
non-drifting UEs. This counter is increased when admission
is denied for radio resources.
When new resources are needed To decide on the requests, it requires

for a radio connection the information about the load and the
Admission Control function amount of resources needed by the
receives a request for admission requester.
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Soft Congestion
 RN Soft Congestion control is part of the RN Admission Control
feature.
 It is triggered by a new admission request when requested resource is

conditionally available.
 In addition, each time a trigger for soft-congestion is received, in

parallel to soft-congestion actions, one or several target speech users
(speech-only users, not multi-RAB users) can be selected to start
either:
 load-based handover (LBHO) to GSM or
 inter-frequency (IF) LBHO attempts.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Soft Congestion
 RN Soft Congestion aims to increase the accessibility by lowering rate
of low priority non guaranteed connections that have already been
admitted.
 It can also preempt existing connections provided that they are

preemption vulnerable and that new requested connection is
preemption capable.
 In general, a Dedicated channel Interactive RAB is attempted to

switch down to the next lower rate, while EUL 2ms/HSDPA Interactive
RAB is switched down to EUL 10ms/HSDPA RAB, if possible.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Soft Congestion
The following admission polices are able to trigger RN Soft Congestion:
DL ASE
DL Channelization Code
DL Transmitted Carrier Power
UL ASE
DL RBS HW
UL RBS HW

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Soft Congestion
Soft congestion actions in case of limited UL ASE and HW:
Default behavior of Soft Congestion is not to target PS interactive EUL/HS users.

However, if feature Enhanced EUL Soft Congestion (SoftCongEul) is activated
then PS interactive EUL users can be down switched to CELL_FACH when the
speech calls are blocked due to admission limits for UL hardware or UL ASE.
The last column in the table is applicable when the feature RN Soft
Congestion of 2 ms EUL Users (SoftCong2msEulChannelElements) (FAJ
121 1401) is active.
It allows 2 ms TTI EUL users (not originating over Iur) to be switched to 10 ms
TTI in case there is an UL RN soft congestion situation on the UL hardware
resources.
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Soft Congestion
Soft congestion actions in case of limited DL code and power:
If feature Enhanced HSDPA Soft Congestion (SoftCongHsdpa) is activated,

HS users can be targeted at soft congestion when the speech calls are blocked
due to admission limits of DL code or DL power.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Soft Congestion
=================================================================================================================
198 SystemFunctions=1,Licensing=1,RncFeature=SoftCong2msEulChannelElements
=================================================================================================================
RncFeatureId SoftCong2msEulChannelElements
featureState 1 (ACTIVATED)
isLicenseControlled 1 (TRUE)
keyId CXC4030067
licenseState 1 (ENABLED)
reservedBy [0] =
serviceState 1 (OPERABLE)
=================================================================================================================
184 SystemFunctions=1,Licensing=1,RncFeature=SoftCongEul
=================================================================================================================
RncFeatureId SoftCongEul
featureState 1 (ACTIVATED)
isLicenseControlled 0 (FALSE)
keyId
reservedBy [0] =
serviceState 1 (OPERABLE)
=================================================================================================================
183 SystemFunctions=1,Licensing=1,RncFeature=SoftCongHsdpa
=================================================================================================================
RncFeatureId SoftCongHsdpa
featureState 0 (DEACTIVATED)
isLicenseControlled 0 (FALSE)
keyId
reservedBy [0] =
serviceState 0 (INOPERABLE)
=================================================================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
####################################################################################################################################
MO Class Attribute Type Flags
####################################################################################################################################
RabHandling maxAllowedGbrUlPsSpeech long
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: This attribute was initially created for another purpose and will be completely removed in a later MOM release.
If this attribute is set to 256, the soft congestion function will only target resources in the RncModule to which the congested cell is allocated. Any other value will allow soft congestion to operate without this restriction.
Change takes effect: Ongoing connections
Range: 0 to 16000, Default=256
************************************************************************************************************************************
=================================================================================================================
MO Attribute Value
=================================================================================================================
RabHandling=1 maxAllowedGbrUlPsSpeech 1
=================================================================================================================
Total: 1 Mos

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Soft Congestion
Non Guaranteed Connections Down Switching in Case of Limited UL ASE:

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Soft Congestion
Some Soft Congestion Results in Case of Limited UL ASE:

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
RRC Connection – Congestion
Control
The RN Congestion Control function detects and
resolves overload/congestion situations on certain
system resources. The following resource monitors are
looked upon to detect overload/congestion:
- DL Transmitted Carrier Power

- UL RTWP
- EUL Scheduled Rate

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Control
Congestion control is used to resolve overload in both the
uplink and the downlink.
Congestion due to power overload in download link is detected when
Downlink Transmitted
Power pwrAdm + pwrOffset
For more than hysteresis time pwrHyst.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Control

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Control
Congestion control is used to resolve overload in both the
uplink and the downlink.
Congestion due to radio overload in uplink is detected when
Uplink Received Total uplink congestion threshold
Wideband Power (RWTP) iFCong
For more than hysteresis time iFHyst.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Control
Congestion Control considers uplink congestion to be

resolved when:
RTWP for a particular cell iFCong
For more than hysteresis time iFHyst.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
RRC Connection – Congestion Control
Congestion Control

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Control
Congestion control is used to resolve overload in both the uplink and the downlink.
It uses Power and RTWP (Received Total Wideband Power ) measurements.
Number of times congestion control is triggered due to high DL power for a cell:
pmSumOfTimesMeasOlDl
Number of times congestion control is triggered due to high UL interference for a cell:
pmSumOfTimesMeasOlUl
pmNoOfTermHsCong & pmNoOfIurTermHsCong - RNC counters monitoring no. of HSDPA

users released due to congestion
The total amount of time (sec) was congested in DL during a reporting period for a cell:
pmTotalTimeDlCellCong
The total amount of time (sec) was congested in UL during a reporting period for a cell:
pmTotalTimeUlCellCong

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Control
Average DL TX power for a cell-carrier:

102
  i 

i 0


pmTransmit tedCarrierPower 
i  
 2 
102
 pmTransmittedCarrierPower
i 0
i
Average UL RSSI for a cell-carrier: GSM Signal Strength:

Received Signal
62
Strength Indication
  pmAverageRssi
i 0
i   0.5  i  110.5  
(RSSI)
Samples of the UL RSSI for a

62 cell-carrier could be found in
 pmAverageRssi
i 0
i the counter pmAverageRssi

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
TEMS Investigation with high
UTRA Carrier RSSI
UE send RRC
Connection
Request,
UTRAN send
RRC Connection
Reject with
cause =
congestion.
TEMS
Investigation
with high
UTRA Carrier
RSSI

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
TEMS Investigation with high
UTRA Carrier RSSI
The UL RSSI can be high due to the following:
• non-traffic (external) interference
• High TX power from a UE that is connected to a far cell

(soft handover).
This can happen due to missing neighbors.

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The Uplink RBS HW
Admission Policy

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The Uplink RBS HW Admission Policy
RBS Hardware Monitor provides Admission Control with the
estimation of the hardware usage in a local cell group,
separately for the uplink and the downlink.
The relation among:
• the RBS hardware admission policy parameters,
• the downlink resource usage in the relevant local cell

group and
• the admission request parameters
are almost the same as the uplink resource check:

TURKCELL DAHİLİ
RBS HW Admission Policy
ulHwAdm / dlWwAdm : Parameter that defines the admission
limit for the uplink / downlink hardware usage in the cell group.
Applicable to following admission requests:
(non-guaranteed, non-handover),
(guaranteed-hs, non-handover) and
(guaranteed, non-handover).

. A Figure100
3- Service Accessibility
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Non-guaranteed, non-handover
admission requests can be granted when:
• resource usage ulHwAdm
• possible to free uplink resources by downswitching a non-

guaranteed user with a lower UL spreading factor than the UL
spreading factor being requested in the admission request
(soft congestion control).

. A Figure101
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
(Guaranteed, non-handover) & (guaranteed-hs, handover)
• resource usage ulHwAdm
• soft-congestion can free up resources
• physical resources are available

. A Figure102
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
(Guaranteed, handover) & (Non-guaranteed, handover)
uplink hardware usage 100% utilization
Soft-congestion action could be triggered in these cases.

. A Figure103
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The Downlink RBS HW Admission
Policy
Blocked
RN Soft Congestion
action triggered
100%
+ Resource
Licensed HW The parameters,
limit ulHwAdm and
Conditionally Blocked dlHwAdm, are
related to the
RBS HW check
dlHwAdm
and are used by
Admission
0-100 Control to decide
Default= 100
Resources freed by RN which admission
Soft Congestion requests to
admit or reject
Time

. A Figure104
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
control on RBS
Counter Description
pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackUlHwBest Number of failed RAB establishment attempts due to

lack of UL hardware resources, for the best cell in the
active set
pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackUlHw Number of failed RAB establishment attempts due to

lack of UL hardware resources.
pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackDlHwBest Number of failed RAB establishment attempts due to

lack of DL hardware resources, for the best cell in the
active set
pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackDlHw Number of failed RAB establishment attempts due to

lack of DL hardware resources.

. A Figure105
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
control on RBS
#############################################################################################################
MO Class Pm Counter Type
#############################################################################################################
UtranCell pmNoRrcCsReqDeniedAdm long
UtranCell pmNoRrcPsReqDeniedAdm long
UtranCell pmNoRrcReqDeniedAdm long
UtranCell pmNoRrcReqDeniedAdmDlChnlCode long
UtranCell pmNoRrcReqDeniedAdmDlHw long
UtranCell pmNoRrcReqDeniedAdmDlPwr
long UtranCell pmNoRrcReqDeniedAdmUlHw
long

. A Figure106
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
control on RBS
The parameter hsdpaUsersAdm is also related to the RBS HW check
and are used by Admission Control to decide which admission requests
to admit or reject
The Solution:
Solution It is beneficial to limit the number of users
that can be allocated to the HS-DSCH in a cell.
Admission Control blocks new radio link admission requests

which involve the allocation to HS-PDSCH/HS-SCCH when
the number of users assigned

to the HS-DSCH in the cell hsdpaUsersAdm
Counter pmNoOfNonHoReqDeniedHs will be stepped. (not

stepped in the DRNC).
. A Figure107
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
control on RBS
The parameters eulServingCellUsersAdm, and
eulNonServingCellUsersAdm are related to the RBS HW check and are
used by Admission Control to decide which admission requests to admit
or reject
pmNoServingCellReqDeniedEul is stepped at admission reject when

requesting the cell as serving cell due to the number of Enhanced
Uplink resources (E-DCH) users is above the admission threshold
pmNoNonServingCellReqDeniedEul is stepped at admission reject

when requesting the cell as non-serving cell due to the number of E-
DCH users is above the admission threshold.

. A Figure108
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
HSDPA – Admission Control Policy
HS-DSCH
Blocked Cell
Admitted Change
maxNumHsdpaUsers
Blocked 0-64
Default= 16
Admitted
hsdpaUsersAdm
pmNoOfNonHoReqDeniedHs 0-1000
Admission Control blocks new radio link admission Default= 10
requests which involve the allocation to HS-
PDSCH/HS-SCCH when the number of users assigned
to the HS-DSCH in the cell exceeds hsdpaUsersAdm Time

. A Figure109
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
HSUPA – Admission Control Policy
pmNoServingCellReqDeniedEul
is stepped at admission
Blocked Blocked
reject when requesting the
0-100
Default= 100
cell as serving cell due to
the number of E-DCH
eulNonServingCellUsersAdm users is above the
+ Resource admission threshold.
Number of Users
pmNoNonServingCellReq
DeniedEul
0-100 is stepped at admission
Default= 32 reject when requesting
the cell as non-serving
eulServingCellUsersAdm cell due to the number of
+ Resource E-DCH users is above
the admission threshold.
Serving Non-serving

. A Figure110
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The Downlink Transmitted Carrier

Power Admission Policy

. A Figure111
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
pwrAdm
are related to downlink transmitted carrier power and are

used by Admission Control to decide which admission
requests to admit or reject.
Next slide presents the relation between these parameters

and the downlink transmitted carrier power.

. A Figure112
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
pwrAdm : Cell parameter that defines the absolute admission
limit for downlink power utilization.
Applicable to following admission requests:
(guaranteed, non-handover)
(non-guaranteed, handover)
It is relative to the min(maximumTransmissionPower,

maxDlPowerCapability), it is expressed as a percentage and
that is a precentage of min(maximumTransmissionPower,
maxDlPowerCapability).

. A Figure113
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
pwrOffset: Cell parameter that defines the margin on

pwrAdm to be used as detection level for downlink cell
congestion.

. A Figure114
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Total Available Power in the Cell
When:
maximumTransmissionPower maxDlPowerCapability,
maxDlPowerCapability is automatically taken as limit of the

total maximum power allowed in the cell.

. A Figure115
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Total Available Power in the Cell
pwrAdm => can configure the portion of downlink power

reserved for HSDPA connections.
Default settings balance a mix of R99 and available power for

HSDPA, => minimum of 25% power to HSDPA,
Exceptions: cases that R99 takes part of that power due to

mobility and power variations of users in the cell.

. A Figure116
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power
Admission Policy

. A Figure117
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power Admission Policy
Special Case:
Case A cell with predominant R99 traffic,
Requirements: It is possible to increase the power admission

threshold in order to maximize capacity.
Solution: Make use of the complete capability before the

congestion resolve mechanism is activated (fast congestion
control mechanism in the RBS).
pwrAdm + pwrOffset = 99%
(congestion resolve actions can still be triggered for1%)
Hints: pwrAdm can be set to 84% maintaining and pwrOffset at 15%.

. A Figure118
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power
Admission Policy – Counters
pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackDlPwr: is increased whenever
a RAB establishment failed due to lack of downlink power.
pmTransmittedCarrierPower: Samples of the DL TX power for

a cell-carrier. This counter is an RBS PDF counter, this
includes the power used for HSDPA as well.
pmTransmittedCarrierPowerNonHs non-HS users transmitted

carrier power.
pmNoOfSwDownNgAdm: How many down-switches due to

best effort clean up (triggered by DL TX power and code usage
admission policies).
. A Figure119
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Air Interface Speech Equivalents (ASE)
The Uplink ASE Admission Policy

. A Figure120
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
ASE Algorithm
The ASE Monitor algorithm monitors ASE usage at cell carrier

level in both uplink and downlink.
This monitor accounts for the air interface resources usage in

a cell (separately for the uplink and downlink), by means of an
average static load estimation of the contribution of each radio
link in the cell.
ASE of a single radio link depends on the radio connection

type  expressed in terms of the equivalent number of
speech radio bearers that generate the same amount of
air interface load.

. A Figure121
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
ASE Algorithm, con’t
Example:
A downlink radio link with ASE = 3 is expected to generate as

much interference in downlink as three speech radio bearers
in the cell.

. A Figure122
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
ASE Estimation
General formula to estimate ASE:
ASE for a radio link is the sum of the ASE of all DCHs associated to a certain radio
connection type.
Example: AMR 12.2 radio connection type consists of both the speech radio bearer
(ASE = 1) and the signaling radio bearer (ASE = 0.61)
ASEAMR = 1 + 0.61

. A Figure123
The Uplink ASE AdmissionTURKCELL
Policy DAHİLİ
ASE uplink admission policy:
• (Non-guaranteed, non-handover) admission requests are

blocked if
ASE uplink usage aseUlAdm
• (Non-guaranteed, handover) & (guaranteed, non-

handover) & (guaranteed-hs, non-handover) admission
requests are blocked when
ASE uplink usage aseUlAdm
• (Guaranteed, handover) & (guranteed-hs, handover)

admission requests are blocked when
ASE uplink usage 100
. A Figure124
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Counter Description
pmSumOfSampAseUl Total ASE UL, that is sum of all sample values recorded
pmSumOfSampAseDl Total ASE DL, that is sum of all sample values recorded
pmNoOfSampAseUl Number of samples of ASE UL increased at every
occasion when the corresponding Sum counter is
increased, sampled every 30 seconds
pmNoOfSampAseDl Number of samples of ASE DL increased at every
occasion when the corresponding Sum counter is
increased, sampled every 30s
pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackUlAse Number of failed RAB establishment attempts due to
lack of UL ASE
pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackDlAse Number of failed RAB establishment attempts due to
lack of DL ASE
The formulas for checking the average usage of ASE in the

downlink and uplink for a cell can be found below.
pmSumOfSampAseDl pmSumOfSampAseUl
Average UL ASE for a cell: Average DL ASE for a cell:
pmNoOfSampAseDl pmNoOfSampAseUl
. A Figure125
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The Uplink ASE Admission Policy
Always In uplink, ASE is a

Admitted resource that is
controlled to allow
admission and
Number of ASEs used in UL
modifications.
Conditionally Therefore, the
Blocked parameters,
aseUlAdm and
aseDlAdm are
controlling the
aseUlAdm overload in up and
down link.
0-500
Resources freed
Default= 160
by RN Soft
Congestion
Time
. A Figure126
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Spreading Factor
Admission Policy

. A Figure127
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The Spreading Factor Admission
Admission
Control controls
the spreading
Blocked Blocked Blocked Blocked
factor usage in
0-32 the downlink
Default= 32 and up link at
0-16 0-16 cell level. The
Default= 16 sf32Adm Default= 16 following
0-8 parameters can
Default= 8 + Resource
sf16Adm sf16gAdm be adjusted to
+ Resource control the up
+ Resource
sf8Adm link: sf4AdmUl;
+ Resource
sf8AdmUl;
sf16AdmUl;
sf8gAdmUl
8 16 32 16
Spreading Factor pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptExceedConnLimit

. A Figure128
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Compressed Mode Admission Policy
Blocked
Compressed Mode pmCmStop
pmCmAttUlSf2,
Requests pmCmSuccUlSf2
GSM pmCmAttDlSf2,
pmCmSuccDlSf2
WCDMA
Number of CPM Radio Links
pmCmAttUlHls,
pmCmSuccUlHls
pmCmAttDlHls
pmCmSuccDlHls
compModeAdm
+ Resource
0-128
Default= 15
WCDMA f1
WCDMA f2 pmSumCompMode
pmSamplesCompMode

. A Figure129
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The Downlink Channelization Code
Admission Policy
Code blocking for non-hand over requests exists to reserve
codes for users in hand over
Requests for hand over are not blocked by the downlink

channelization code admission policy.
Default admission limit:
• parameter dlCodeAdm set to 80% (reserving 20% of the

code tree for new handover legs).

. A Figure130
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
The Downlink Channelization Code
Admission Policy
Blocked
RN Soft Congestion
action triggered The operator has the
Max (100%) possibility to configure
and change the
CH Code Tree usage [%]
Conditionally
Blocked + Resource number of HS-PDSCH
codes allocated in a
cell for HSDPA by
tuning
dlCodeAdm numHsPdschCodes.
Admitted
Resources freed by 0-100%
RN Soft Default= 80%
Congestion
+ Resource
pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackDlChnlCode
Time
. A Figure131
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
control - counters
Code allocation failure could be found in the following counter:
pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackDlChnlCode
Average number of user in compressed mode for a cell :
pmSumCompMode
pmSamplesCompMode

. A Figure132
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Radio Link Setup Procedures

. A Figure133
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
UE RBS RNC
Power control,
Radio link setup
admission control, etc.
Radio Link Setup Request
Resource allocation
Radio Link Setup Response

AAL2 connection
setup
Start Rx and radio connection
supervision

. A Figure134
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Radio Link Setup Procedures (cont I)
UE RBS RNC
Radio link synchronization Transport channel

synch.
Start Tx
L1 synch.
Radio Link Restore Indication
Radio link synchronization procedure happens both during

RRC connection establishment but also during RAB
establishment.

. A Figure135
TURKCELL DAHİLİ

. A Figure136
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Radio Link Setup counter flow
AAL2 Setup
AAL2
(Cell) pmNoFailedAfterAdm + failure
OK
RNC sends the message
(Cell) pmTotNoUtranRejRrcConnReq + RRC Connection Setup
RNC sends the message

RRC Connection Reject No Restore Indication
received from RBS
Yes Redirection of
Call Yes
Redirected to Emergency
Calls?
GSM No “RRC Connection
Setup Complete”
No received
(Cell)pmNoCellDchDisconnectAbnorm +
Yes
RRC Conn. Setup Failure.
UE goes back to idle state (Cell)pmNoFailedAfterAdm +
(Cell) pmTotNoRrcConnectReqSuccess +
(Cell) pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCsSuc +

. A Figure137
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Loss of RBS contact
1. RNC sends “radio link setup request” to RBS
2. RNC does not receive any response from RBS and the
timer expires.
3. Classification of “loss of RBS contact” initiated.

. A Figure138
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Radio Link Setup – L1
synchronization (cont)

. A Figure139
Radio Link Setup – L1 synchronization troubleshooting
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
There are several methods to handle these L1 synchronization

failure caused due to coverage issues on Signaling Radio
Bearers (SRB) and/or DCH on drive test:
• check the parameter settings of dlattenuation and

ulattenuation
• Check the antenna configuration.
• find out if the system is balanced regarding UL and DL cell

coverage.
. A Figure140
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Parameters cPO and cBackOff can also be increased in order to

obtain larger initial DL DPDCH and UL DPCCH powers.
cBackOff: back off the Open Loop Power Control estimate to a

conservative starting point or to increase the initial downlink
power to improve the call setup reliability. This parameter will
allow some flexibility in the Open Loop Power Control upon
establishment of downlink dedicated channel.
cPO: set the uplink DPCCH power offset to a conservative level

to avoid excessive UL interference, i.e
DPCCH_POWER_OFFSET = primaryCpichPower + RTWP + ulInitSirTarget - 10 log (SF_DPCCH) + cPO

. A Figure141
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Unbalance
1. The DL SRB / DCH maximum power:
minPwrMax / interPwrMax (Turkcell) (only for DL

coverage issue)
Should be increased
2. CPICH power can be reduced in order to get a system that

is more balanced.
Check next slide

. A Figure142
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
minPwrMax: Cell parameter that defines the minimum

relative power for maximum downlink power mapping for
resource estimation

. A Figure143
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
 For cells with high HSDPA load (many HSDPA users), the A-DCH power can
constitute of a large part of the used downlink power.
 In these cases it is not wanted to increase minPwrMax, since this will not only
increase the possible power for Speech, but also for A-DCH (radio link rate =
3.7 kbps).
 Instead, it is suggested to move the minimumRate point to 3.7 kbps, interRate
point to 15.9 kbps and use the interRate point to increase maximum
transmission power for Speech.
 In this way, it is possible to use more power for Speech while A-DCH is kept
the same.
 To improve HSDPA performance, it is possible to lower the maximum
transmission power for maxPwrMax from 4.8 dB to 3 dB.
 This leads to lower non-HS power consumption.
 The drawback with this solution is that DL coverage is reduced for R99 high
rate bearers. However, this is normally not any issue in smartphone dense
networks with a high number of HSDPA users.

. A Figure144
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
 UtranCell=YNCAM21 interRate 1590

 UtranCell=YNCAM21 maxRate 40690
 UtranCell=YNCAM21 minimumRate 370
 UtranCell=YNCAM22 interRate 1590
 UtranCell=YNCAM22 maxRate 40690
 UtranCell=YNCAM22 minimumRate 370
 UtranCell=YNCAM21 interPwrMax 31
 UtranCell=YNCAM21 maxPwrMax 40
 UtranCell=YNCAM21 minPwrMax 30
 UtranCell=YNCAM22 interPwrMax 31
 UtranCell=YNCAM22 maxPwrMax 40
 UtranCell=YNCAM22 minPwrMax 30

. A Figure145
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Radio Link Synchronization failure

. A Figure146
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Non Access Stratum (NAS)

Procedures

. A Figure147
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Non Access Stratum (NAS)
Procedures
Mobile Originating Call Setup
Random Access
RRC Connection Setup
NAS procedures:
Service Request
Authentication Security
RAB Assignment

. A Figure148
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
NAS failure: CM service reject in
TEMS Investigation
CM Service reject
with cause:
Network failure

. A Figure149
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Speech, CS 64, Streaming 57.6
RAB establishment
 A ‘RAB
ASSIGNMENT DPDCH/DPCCH
REQUEST’ is UE State
SRB Signaling Connection
received from the Cell_DCH DPDCH/DPCCH
CN The SRNC Non Access Stratum call setup
determines the new RAB assignment

request 1
RC configuration Setup new Radio Bearer id= Speech,CS64
or streaming 57.6
DPDCH/DPCCH
and also check the UE State 3 New Signaling Connection
SPEECH
UE capabilities. Cell_DCH
User plane Radio Bearer Setup Iu bearer
(AAL2) 2
DPDCH/DPCCH
 The SRNC initiates

the setup of an
AAL2 connection  The UE is ordered to setup a new Radio
for the Iu bearer. Bearer (RB) and activate the new
configuration. When finished the UE
acknowledges the successful RB setup
and the UE will be in CELL_DCH state.

. A Figure150
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Interactive RAB Establishment
 A ‘RAB
ASSIGNMENT UE State
DPDCH/DPCCH
Signaling Connection
REQUEST’ is SRB
Cell_DCH DPDCH/DPCCH
received from the Non Access Stratum call setup
CN The SRNC RAB assignment
determines the new Setup new Radio Bearer
request
id= Interactive
1
RC configuration UE State
FACH/DCH
3 New Signaling Connection
and also check the Cell_FACH
User plane Radio Bearer Existing AAL5 Iu
or
UE capabilities. Cell_DCH RACH/DCH
bearer is used
2
Data Buffers
 The existing AAL5

signalling Iu bearer
 The UE is ordered by the SRNC to set up
is used to carry the a new RB. In the case of cell_FACH the
user plane traffic UE will also perform a Cell Update after
the RB is set up

. A Figure151
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Default ARP Mapping
The RNC creates an internal Allocation/Retention Priority
(ARP) from the RANAP ‘RAB Assignment Request’ message
attributes received from the Core Network.
The RNC will choose a internal ARP base on the combination

of
• ‘Traffic Class’,
• ‘CN indicator (CN-ind)’ and
• ‘Source Statistics Descriptor (SSD)’
from RANAP ‘RAB Assignment Request’ message

. A Figure152
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Default ARP Mapping
Top right
Slide title
40 pt RAN Synchronization corner for
field-mark,
customer or
Slide subtitle Internal ARP RANAP Attributes partner logotypes.
24 pt See Best practice
CN Allocation/Retention
Priority
Pre-empt
Capability
Pre-empt
Vulnerability
Traffic class CN-ind SSD Emergency for example.
Text 1 Yes No Conv. CS Speech Yes

24 pt
3 No Yes Conv. CS Speech N
Bullets level 2-5
20 pt 4 No Yes Conv. CS Unkn N
5 No Yes Stream. CS Unkn N
6 No Yes Stream. PS Unkn N
7 No Yes Interactive PS - N
7 No Yes Background PS - N
3 No Yes MBMS PS Unkn N
‘RAB Assignment
Request’ message
0 to 15 ecCnPriorityLevel
RNC Default= 7 CN
© Ericsson AB 2007 LZU 108 6911 R1A Figure 4-7 P6 Radio Network Features

. A Figure153
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
PDP Context Activation Failure

. A Figure154
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
PDP Context Activation Failure

. A Figure155
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
UE Cell reselection during handover

. A Figure156
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Radio Bearer Setup (cont)

. A Figure157
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Performance Evaluation
The basic performance indicator to be used during Capacity

Investigation can be divided into 6 groups:
(1) KPIs related to request blocking

(2) KPIs that indicates a limitation on “radio resource”
(3) KPIs that indicates “congestion” or “soft-congestion” action
(4) KPIs that indicates a limitation on “non-radio resource” (e.g. transport
network)
(5) KPIs for “radio resource” behavior characterization
(6) KPIs used to group cells into specific cell profile based on certain cell
attributes

. A Figure158
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
Optima - Accessibility

. A Figure159
TURKCELL DAHİLİ

. A Figure160
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
• Paging Fwd Suc%

• Formül: (PMINITPAGINGTOIDLEUERA + PMCNINITPAGINGTOIDLEUELA +
PMCNINITPAGINGTOIDLEUE ) / ( PMCNINITPAGINGTOIDLEUERA +
PMCNINITPAGINGTOIDLEUELA + PMCNINITPAGINGTOIDLEUE + PMNOPAGEDSCDCMPLOADC)
• Anlamı: MP Load Dolayısıyla Reject edilmeyen çağrıların toplama oranı
• Paging Disc MP %
• Anlamı: MP Load Dolayısıyla Reject edilen çağrıların toplama oranı

. A Figure161
TURKCELL DAHİLİ
• RRC_Rejects
• RRC_Rejects %
• RRC_FL_MP_Load
• RRC_FL_MP_Load %
• RRC_FL_RNCEARLYFILTER
• RRC_FL_RNCEARLYFILTER %
• RRC_FL _FLOWCONTROL
• RRC_FL_FLOWCONTROL %
• RRC_FL_ADMISSION_CNT
• RRC_FL_Admission_Cnt %
• RRC_FL_AFTER_ADMISSION
• RRC_FL_RADIO_FL
• TOT_FL_AFTER_ADMISSION
• RRC_FL_LICENSE_FAIL
• RRC_FL_License_Fail %
• CS_RRC_FL_NODE
• PS_RRC_FL_NODE
• CS_RRC_FL_TN
• PS_RRC_FL_TN
• RRC_AdmRej_Unisaal
• RRC_Load_Control_Time

. A Figure162
TURKCELL DAHİLİ

. A Figure163

Chapter 2 WCDMA RAN Optimization - Accessibility v2

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TURKCELL DAHİLİ

WCDMA RAN Optimization

Chapter 2: Service Accessibility

1. Explain the function of Idle Mode Behavior,

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

Accessibility is defined as the ability of a user to obtain

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

RRC Connection Setup

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

Idle mode Squal, Srxlev,

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

• It may repeat RRC Connection Request message N300

• There is a chance that access success rate for some cells

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

 pmTotNoRrcConnectReqCsSucc   pmTotNoRabEstablishSuccess  RAB  

Where <RAB> = Speech, CS64 or CS57

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

• exclude directed-retry to GSM from the RAB establishment

• The load-sharing with GSM from the RRC Request

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

The percentage of AMR calls compared to the normal speech

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

The percentage of EUL calls

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

 PLMN selection and reselection

 Cell selection and reselection

 Location area (LA) and routing area (RA) registration

 Reading system information

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

PLMN selected PLMNs

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

The UE normally operates on its home PLMN. However, a Visited

A UE successfully registers on a PLMN if it finds a suitable cell to

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

Squal = Qqualmeas- qQualMin > 0

Where Pcompensation = max(maxTxPowerul – P;0)

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

• qRxLevMin is also sent in the system information (SIB 3

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

• P is the UE maximum output power according to its class.

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

• The UE shall measure the CPICH Ec/No and the CPICH

• The UE shall filter the Ec/No and RSCP measurements of

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

To control the cell size in Idle mode use

qHyst - (presented by qHyst1 and qHyst2) are added to the

qOffset – (qOffset1 or qOffset2) add an offset value for a

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

Used when qualMeasQuantity = 2 (CPICH Ec/No)

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

Cell update procedures can happen at:

• cell update in the same cell (periodic update),

• cell update in a new cell (cell reselection),

• cell update during channel switching

• cell update during RAB establishment.

© Ericsson AB 2008 03_03813 LZU 108 6924 Uen Rev

pmNoCellUpdSuccess - Total number of successful cell

pmNoCellUpdAttempt - Total number of attempted cell

There are three types of LA and RA registration updates:

1. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) attach or detach