Geology

 1. Video on How Our Earth was Made

 2. Write your reflection/reaction in a long bond paper.
a. What part of the video you like most and why? If

you did not like, why?

b. What part of the video seems unbelievable to
you? Write your reason.
 What The Earth is made of
The space shuttle Endeavor
captured this image of the San
Andreas Fault on Feb. 11, 2000.
The fault marks the slippery yet
sticky boundary between two of
Earth's tectonic plates, where
the North America plate meets
Earth is unique among the known planets: it has an
abundance of water. Other worlds — including a few
moons — have atmospheres, ice, and even oceans, but only
Earth has the right combination to sustain life.
Earth's oceans cover about with an average depth of 2.5
miles (4 kilometers). Fresh water exists in liquid form in
lakes and rivers70 percent of the planet's surface and as
water vapor in the atmosphere, which causes much of
Earth's weather.
Earth has multiple layers. The
ocean basins and the
continents compose the crust,
the outermost layer. Earth's
crust is between three and 46
miles (five and 75 km) deep.
The thickest parts are under
the continents and the
thinnest parts are under the
oceans.
 Layers of the Earth
 Crust
 According to "Essentials of Geology" (7th Ed.,
Prentice Hall, 2000) by Frederick K. Lutgens and
Edward J. Tarbuck, Earth's crust is made up of
several elements: oxygen, 46.6 percent by weight;
silicon, 27.7 percent; aluminum, 8.1 percent; iron,
5 percent; calcium, 3.6 percent; sodium, 2.8
percent, potassium, 2.6 percent, and magnesium,
2.1 percent.
 The crust is divided into huge plates that float on
the mantle, the next layer. The plates are
constantly in motion; they move at about the 
same rate as fingernails grow, according to
NASA. Earthquakes occur when these plates grind
against each other. Mountains form when the
plates collide and deep trenches form when one
plate slides under another plate. Plate tectonics is
the theory explaining the motion of these plates.
 Mantle

 The mantle under the crust is about

1,800 miles deep (2,890 km).
 It is composed mostly of silicate
rocks rich in magnesium and iron.
 Intense heat causes the rocks to rise.
 They then cool and sink back down
to the core.
 This convection — with the
consistency of caramel — is thought
to be what causes the tectonic
plates to move.
 When the mantle pushes through
the crust, volcanoes erupt.
 The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk
of Earth's interior.
 The mantle lies between Earth's dense,
super-heated core and its thin outer layer, mantle
the crust.
 The mantle is about 2,900 kilometers
(1,802 miles) thick, and makes up a
whopping 84% of Earth's total volume.
 The Mantle is the second layer of the Earth.
 The mantle is divided into two sections. ...
upper mantle and lower mantle
 The average temperature of the mantle is
3000° Celsius. ...
 The mantle is composed of:
1. silicates of iron and magnesium,
2. sulphides
3. oxides of silicon and magnesium.
 Core

 At the center of the Earth is the core, which has

two parts.
 The solid, inner core of iron has a radius of
about 760 miles (about 1,220 km), according to
NASA.
 It is surrounded by a liquid, outer core
composed of a nickel-iron alloy.
 The outer core is about 1,355 miles (2,180 km)
thick. The inner core spins at a different speed
than the rest of the planet.
 This is thought to cause Earth's magnetic field.
 When charged particles from the solar wind
collide with air molecules above Earth's
magnetic poles, it causes the air molecules to
glow, causing the 
auroras — the northern and southern lights.
Trivia:
NeilArmstrong, First
Man to Walk on
Moon, Dies at 82
By 
Robert Z. Pearlman
 August 25, 2012
How the Earth has changed over time
 Earth and its atmosphere are continuously altered.
 Plate tectonics shift the continents, raise
mountains and move the ocean floor while
processes not fully understood alter the climate.
 Such constant change has
characterized Earth since its beginning some 4.5
billion years ago.
 Our restless Earth is always changing.
 Tectonic plates drift, the crust quakes, and
volcanoes erupt. Air pressure falls, storms form,
and precipitation results. Learn how these
powerful forces shape our air, land, water, and
weather—and constantly transform our planet.
 Earth and all the planets of our solar system
formed, 4.6 billion years ago, from the accretion
of gas and dust that was orbiting the newly
forming Sun.
 For the first 10-20 million years after the main
period of planet formation, most of the remaining
debris in the solar system was swept up by the
newly formed planets.
 Most geologists believe that the key differentiation
process in the Earth was melting of much of the
inner rock material after the Earth formed.
 The source of the heat was radioactive minerals
trapped in the Earth as it formed. Gradually those
HELP!
minerals released heat as radioactive atoms
decayed. Earth from space
 Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago,
approximately one-third the age of the universe, by
accretion from the solar nebula. The Earth today
 Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial
Environmental pollution
atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early
concept:
atmosphere contained almost no oxygen.
 The name "Earth" is derived from both English and  Fine dust,
German words, 'eor(th)e/ertha' and 'erde',  air pollution,
respectively, which mean ground.  industrial smog, and
 pollutant gas emission
 But, the handle's creator is unknown. One Earth virus model
interesting fact about its
name: Earth is the only planet that
Look at our Earth The Earth today
wasn't named after a Greek or Roman god or
today! Mother Earth
goddess.
needs our prayer.
  Earth changes in its own natural ways. Some changes are due to slow processes, such as erosion and weathering…

S E S
ID E K
SL U A
ND Q
LA T H
R
EA

…and some changes are due to rapid processes, such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, Tsunamis and earthquake.