INDIVIDUAL

DIFFERENCES
PREPARED BY: FRANCE MARIE ANN A. RAGUINI
 Definition of Individual Differences
Refers to the variation in how people
respond to the same situation based on
personal characteristics.
 Consequences of Individual Differences
1. Difference in productivity.

DIFFERENCES • Productivity –the rate of

BETWEEN Results to output per worker
PEOPLE
• The difference in the
quantities of output is
attributed to difference
in experience, age,
education and others.
 Consequences of Individual Differences
2. Difference in the quality
of their work.
DIFFERENCES • Some produce mediocre
BETWEEN Results to quality of products and some
PEOPLE strive to produce products
surpassing the standard
quality.
 Consequences of Individual Differences
3. Different reactions to
empowerment
DIFFERENCES • Empowerment – giving
BETWEEN Results to someone the power to do
PEOPLE something
• Some people likes to be
provided with
power/responsibility,
some prefer to just
follow orders.
 Consequences of Individual Differences
4. Different reactions to any
style of leadership
DIFFERENCES • These differences make it
BETWEEN Results to necessary for a leader to use
PEOPLE different leadership styles
even in a small unit.
 Consequences of Individual Differences
5. Difference in terms of
need for contact with other
DIFFERENCES people
BETWEEN Results to
• Some people cannot work
PEOPLE
alone while some can, even for
a whole day.
 Consequences of Individual Differences
6. Difference in terms of
commitment to the
DIFFERENCES organization
BETWEEN Results to
• Those who are highly
PEOPLE
committed to the organization
tend to produce high quality
output while those who are
less committed are less
concerned about output and
attendance.
 Consequences of Individual Differences
7. Difference in terms of
level of self-esteem.
DIFFERENCES • Those with low esteem tends
BETWEEN Results to to be less productive and the
PEOPLE opposite happens when
people have high regard of
themselves.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
1. DEMOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
• Demographics - the qualities • Sources of Demographic
of a specific group of people Diversity:
• Examples: Age, gender, etc. 1. Gender Differences
2. Generational and Age-
Based Differences
3. Culture
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
1. DEMOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
• Sources of Demographic
Diversity:
1. Gender Differences  Refers to the different
perception of male and
female roles
 Research findings indicate that
there are very few differences
between male and female
that affect job performance
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
1. DEMOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
• Sources of Demographic
Diversity:
2. Generational and  Generation- is a group of
Age-based Differences people born around the same
time and raised around the
same place who exhibits
similar characteristics,
preferences and values over
the lifetime.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
1. DEMOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
• Sources of Demographic
Diversity:
2. Generational and  Differences in the ages of
Age-based Differences workers also bring about
expectations of differences in
the behavior of workers.
 Age is often associated with
experience.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
1. DEMOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
• Sources of Demographic
Diversity:
3. Culture  Culture – refers to the learned
and shared ways of thinking
and acting among a group of
people or society.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
1. DEMOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
• Sources of Demographic
Diversity:
3. Culture  Types of Culture:
a. Material Culture –
Physical things created by
a society
Examples: Cars, clothing etc.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
1. DEMOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
• Sources of Demographic
Diversity:
3. Culture  Types of Culture:
a. Non - Material Culture –
Intangible things; part of
culture you cannot touch,
taste or hold.
Examples: ethics, beliefs
language
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
1. DEMOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
• Sources of Demographic
Diversity:
3. Culture  Two Dimensions of Culture:
a. Social Culture – refers to
the social environment of
human- created beliefs,
customs, knowledge and
practices that defined
conventional behavior in
a society
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
1. DEMOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY
• Sources of Demographic
Diversity:
3. Culture  Two Dimensions of Culture:
b. Organizational Culture – is
the set of values, beliefs and
norms that is shared among
members of an organization.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Aptitude – the capacity of • These two are very important
a person to learn or in the hiring process of an
acquire skills. organization.
• Ability – an individual’s • Low aptitude and abilities
capacity to perform the would mean higher training
various tasks in a job. costs.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • Refers to the capacity of the
a. Physical Ability individual to do task s
demanding stamina, dexterity,
strength and similar
characteristics.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • 9 physical abilities needed to
a. Physical Ability perform certain task:
1. Dynamic Strength
2. Trunk Strength
3. Static Strength
4. Explosive Strength
5. Extent Flexibility
6. Dynamic Flexibility
7. Body Coordination
8. Balance
9. Stamina
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • One of the major source of
b. Mental/Intellectual individual differences.
Ability • Refers to the capacity to do mental
activities such as thinking,
reasoning and problem solving.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • Dimensions of Intellectual Ability:
b. Mental/Intellectual 1. Cognitive Intelligence – capacity
Ability of person to acquire and apply
knowledge including problem
solving
2. Social Intelligence – refers to a
person’s ability to relate effectively
with others.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • Dimensions of Intellectual Ability:
b. Mental/Intellectual 3. Emotional Intelligence – refers to
Ability a person’s qualities such as
understanding one’s feelings,
empathy for others and regulation
of emotion to enhance living.
4. Cultural Intelligence – refers to an
outsider’s ability to interpret
someone’s unfamiliar and
ambiguous behavior the same way
that person’s compatriot would.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • Triarchic Theory of Intelligence by
b. Mental/Intellectual Robert Sternberg:
Ability 1. Componential Intelligence
 referred as analytical intelligence
 A traditional type of intelligence
needed in solving problems with
abstract reasoning.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • Triarchic Theory of Intelligence by
b. Mental/Intellectual Robert Sternberg:
Ability 2. Experiential Intelligence
 referred as creative intelligence
 It focuses on how people perform
on tasks with which they have no
experience
 Requires imagination and
combining things in novel ways.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • Triarchic Theory of Intelligence by
b. Mental/Intellectual Robert Sternberg:
Ability 1. Contextual Intelligence
 referred as practical intelligence
 Is a type of everyday intelligence or
street smarts
 Requires adapting to, selecting and
shaping our real-world
environment.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • 8 components of Multiple
b. Mental/Intellectual Intelligence by Howard Gardner:
Ability 1. Linguistic
 They possess sensitivity in using
language, meanings and the
relations of words.
 It makes people able to
communicate thru language
including reading, writing and
speaking.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • 8 components of Multiple
b. Mental/Intellectual Intelligence by Howard Gardner:
Ability 2. Logical-Mathematical
 It covers abstract thought,
precision, counting, organization
and logical structure
 Enables individual to see
relationship between objects and
solve problems
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • 8 components of Multiple
b. Mental/Intellectual Intelligence by Howard Gardner:
Ability 3. Musical
 the capacity to create and
understand meanings made out of
sounds and to enjoy different types
of music
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • 8 components of Multiple
b. Mental/Intellectual Intelligence by Howard Gardner:
Ability 4. Spatial
 the enables people to perceive and
manipulate images in their brain
and to re-create them from
memory
 They have abilities concerning keen
observation, visual thinking, mental
images, metaphor, essence of the
whole and gestalt.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • 8 components of Multiple
b. Mental/Intellectual Intelligence by Howard Gardner:
Ability 5. Bodily-kinesthetic
 the enables people to use their
body and perceptual and motor
systems in skilled ways.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • 8 components of Multiple
b. Mental/Intellectual Intelligence by Howard Gardner:
Ability 6. Intrapersonal
 has highly accurate understanding
of himself or herself.
 He or she is sensitive to his/her
values, purpose, feelings and has
developed sense of self.
Factors Affecting Individual Differences
2. APTITUDE AND ABILITY
• Factors of Abilities: • 8 components of Multiple
b. Mental/Intellectual Intelligence by Howard Gardner:
Ability 7. Interpersonal
 has highly accurate understanding
of himself or herself.
 He or she is sensitive to his/her
values, purpose, feelings and has
developed sense of self.